降低腹水低蛋白患者的初次自发性细菌性腹膜炎 (SBP) 发生率:有高质量的研究证据表明预防性口服抗生素可减少腹水低蛋白浓度(<15 g/L[<1.5 g/dL])患者的初次 SBP 发生率。[6]Blaise M, Pateron D, Trinchet JC, et al. Systemic antibiotic therapy prevents bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients presenting with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology. 1994;20:34-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8020902?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Loomba R, Wesley R, Bain A, et al. Role of fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:487-493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19250986?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Fernandez J, Navasa M, Planas R, et al. Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:818-824.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17854593?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Pauwels A, Mostefa-Kara N, Debenes B, et al. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis after gastrointestinal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients with a high risk of infection. Hepatology. 1996;24:802-806.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8855179?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Hsieh WJ, Lin HC, Hwang SJ, et al. The effect of ciprofloxacin in the prevention of bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis after upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:962-966.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9647029?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Saab S, Hernandez JC, Chi AC, et al. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis reduces spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurrence and improves short-term survival in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:993-1001.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277033?tool=bestpractice.com一个 meta 分析发现其可降低 8%SBP 风险,这意味着 13 个治疗患者可防止 1 个患者出现 SBP。
证据 A 降低低腹水蛋白患者的病死率:有高质量的研究证据表明预防性口服抗生素可提高 1 年生存率(60%,未治疗的患者为 48%)。[52]Loomba R, Wesley R, Bain A, et al. Role of fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:487-493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19250986?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Fernandez J, Navasa M, Planas R, et al. Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:818-824.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17854593?tool=bestpractice.commeta 分析发现一个明显的短期效果(证据来自一个关于一级预防和二级预防 2 组患者的高质量研究),治疗的患者 3 个月病死率为 6%,未经治疗的患者为 22%。[56]Saab S, Hernandez JC, Chi AC, et al. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis reduces spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurrence and improves short-term survival in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:993-1001.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277033?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。降低低腹水蛋白患者的病死率:有高质量的研究证据表明预防性口服抗生素可提高 1 年生存率(60%,未治疗的患者为 48%)。[52]Loomba R, Wesley R, Bain A, et al. Role of fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:487-493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19250986?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Fernandez J, Navasa M, Planas R, et al. Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:818-824.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17854593?tool=bestpractice.commeta 分析发现一个明显的短期效果(证据来自一个关于一级预防和二级预防 2 组患者的高质量研究),治疗的患者 3 个月病死率为 6%,未经治疗的患者为 22%。[56]Saab S, Hernandez JC, Chi AC, et al. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis reduces spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurrence and improves short-term survival in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:993-1001.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277033?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 使用口服和静脉注射抗生素在对于 SBP 患者的病死率和治愈率的差别:有高质量的研究证据表明,口服与静脉注射抗生素两者间病死率和治愈率均无差异。研究比较了口服头孢克肟和静脉注射头孢曲松钠、[99]Figueiredo FAF, Coelho HSM, Alvariz RG, et al. Randomized trial comparing intravenous ceftriaxone with oral cefixime for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients: pilot study. Presented at: 5th United European Gastroenterology Week, Paris, 1996.口服氧氟沙星与静脉注射头孢噻肟、[100]Navasa M, Follo A, Llovet JM, et al. Randomized, comparative study of oral ofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1011-1017.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831596?tool=bestpractice.com和口服环丙沙星与静脉注射头孢噻肟和静脉注射头孢曲松。[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com研究已排除了有并发症的 SBP 患者(脓毒症、肝性脑病或明显肾功能不全) 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。使用口服和静脉注射抗生素在对于 SBP 患者的病死率和治愈率的差别:有高质量的研究证据表明,口服与静脉注射抗生素两者间病死率和治愈率均无差异。研究比较了口服头孢克肟和静脉注射头孢曲松钠、[99]Figueiredo FAF, Coelho HSM, Alvariz RG, et al. Randomized trial comparing intravenous ceftriaxone with oral cefixime for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients: pilot study. Presented at: 5th United European Gastroenterology Week, Paris, 1996.口服氧氟沙星与静脉注射头孢噻肟、[100]Navasa M, Follo A, Llovet JM, et al. Randomized, comparative study of oral ofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1011-1017.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831596?tool=bestpractice.com和口服环丙沙星与静脉注射头孢噻肟和静脉注射头孢曲松。[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com研究已排除了有并发症的 SBP 患者(脓毒症、肝性脑病或明显肾功能不全)
证据 A 缓解或改善 SBP 的临床症状:高质量的研究证据显示,很多抗生素对 SBP 有效[102]Chavez-Tapia NC, Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, et al. Antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD002232.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002232.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160207?tool=bestpractice.com包括头孢噻肟、[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V, et al. Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections. Hepatology. 1985;5:457-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3888810?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Rimola A, Salmeron JM, Clemente G. Two different dosages of cefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Hepatology. 1995;21:674-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7875666?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Navasa M, Follo A, Llovet JM, et al. Randomized, comparative study of oral ofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1011-1017.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831596?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com头孢曲松、[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I, et al. Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1587-1592.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8215267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215267?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Figueiredo FAF, Coelho HSM, Alvariz RG, et al. Randomized trial comparing intravenous ceftriaxone with oral cefixime for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients: pilot study. Presented at: 5th United European Gastroenterology Week, Paris, 1996.环丙沙星、[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com头孢他啶、[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com头孢尼西、[106]Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I, et al. Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1587-1592.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8215267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215267?tool=bestpractice.com阿莫西林/克拉维酸、[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com和阿米卡星(尽管对革兰阳性菌不是经验性治疗)。[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com在所有这些治疗方案的研究中,治疗疗程是基于临床症状和体征的缓解,而不是一个固定时间(大多数疗程是 7-10 天)。 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。缓解或改善 SBP 的临床症状:高质量的研究证据显示,很多抗生素对 SBP 有效[102]Chavez-Tapia NC, Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, et al. Antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD002232.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002232.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160207?tool=bestpractice.com包括头孢噻肟、[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V, et al. Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections. Hepatology. 1985;5:457-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3888810?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Rimola A, Salmeron JM, Clemente G. Two different dosages of cefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Hepatology. 1995;21:674-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7875666?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Navasa M, Follo A, Llovet JM, et al. Randomized, comparative study of oral ofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1011-1017.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831596?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com头孢曲松、[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I, et al. Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1587-1592.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8215267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215267?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Figueiredo FAF, Coelho HSM, Alvariz RG, et al. Randomized trial comparing intravenous ceftriaxone with oral cefixime for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients: pilot study. Presented at: 5th United European Gastroenterology Week, Paris, 1996.环丙沙星、[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com头孢他啶、[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com头孢尼西、[106]Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I, et al. Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1587-1592.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8215267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215267?tool=bestpractice.com阿莫西林/克拉维酸、[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com和阿米卡星(尽管对革兰阳性菌不是经验性治疗)。[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com在所有这些治疗方案的研究中,治疗疗程是基于临床症状和体征的缓解,而不是一个固定时间(大多数疗程是 7-10 天)。
证据 A 不同抗生素间 SBP 的病死率和治愈率:高质量的证据表明,不同的抗生素对 SBP 的病死率和/或治愈率无显著差异。研究比较了头孢噻肟和头孢曲松钠、[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com头孢噻肟和阿米卡星、[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com头孢噻肟与阿莫西林/克拉维酸、[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com头孢曲松钠和头孢尼西、[106]Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I, et al. Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1587-1592.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8215267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215267?tool=bestpractice.com莫西沙星与阿莫西林/克拉维酸[108]Grange J. Randomized comparative study of moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology. 2004;40(suppl 1):631.和环丙沙星与头孢他啶[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com显示不同抗生素对 SBP 的病死率和/或治愈率无差异。 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。不同抗生素间 SBP 的病死率和治愈率:高质量的证据表明,不同的抗生素对 SBP 的病死率和/或治愈率无显著差异。研究比较了头孢噻肟和头孢曲松钠、[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com头孢噻肟和阿米卡星、[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com头孢噻肟与阿莫西林/克拉维酸、[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com头孢曲松钠和头孢尼西、[106]Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I, et al. Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1587-1592.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8215267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215267?tool=bestpractice.com莫西沙星与阿莫西林/克拉维酸[108]Grange J. Randomized comparative study of moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology. 2004;40(suppl 1):631.和环丙沙星与头孢他啶[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com显示不同抗生素对 SBP 的病死率和/或治愈率无差异。
证据 A 早期改用口服抗生素对 SBP 的病死率或治愈率的研究:有高质量的证据表明,临床症状和体征改善后早期过渡到口服抗生素与长期静脉抗生素治疗对 SBP 的病死率或治愈率无差别。[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Terg R, Cobas S, Fassio E, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin after a short course of intravenous ciprofloxacin in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a multicenter, randomized study. J Hepatol. 2000;33:564-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11059861?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。早期改用口服抗生素对 SBP 的病死率或治愈率的研究:有高质量的证据表明,临床症状和体征改善后早期过渡到口服抗生素与长期静脉抗生素治疗对 SBP 的病死率或治愈率无差别。[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Terg R, Cobas S, Fassio E, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin after a short course of intravenous ciprofloxacin in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a multicenter, randomized study. J Hepatol. 2000;33:564-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11059861?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 头孢噻肟或氨苄西林加妥布霉素对感染的治愈率:中等的证据表明,对于肝硬化患者,头孢噻肟比氨苄青霉素加妥布霉素更有效。[103]Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V, et al. Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections. Hepatology. 1985;5:457-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3888810?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。头孢噻肟或氨苄西林加妥布霉素对感染的治愈率:中等的证据表明,对于肝硬化患者,头孢噻肟比氨苄青霉素加妥布霉素更有效。[103]Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V, et al. Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections. Hepatology. 1985;5:457-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3888810?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 不同剂量的头孢噻肟对 SBP 的病死率和治愈率:有中等证据表明,头孢噻肟 2 g 每 12 小时静脉滴注 1 次与头孢噻肟 2 g 每 6 小时静脉滴注 1 次是等效的。[104]Rimola A, Salmeron JM, Clemente G. Two different dosages of cefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Hepatology. 1995;21:674-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7875666?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。不同剂量的头孢噻肟对 SBP 的病死率和治愈率:有中等证据表明,头孢噻肟 2 g 每 12 小时静脉滴注 1 次与头孢噻肟 2 g 每 6 小时静脉滴注 1 次是等效的。[104]Rimola A, Salmeron JM, Clemente G. Two different dosages of cefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Hepatology. 1995;21:674-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7875666?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 降低不可逆肾损伤的发生的研究:关于 126 例无并发症的 SBP 患者研究的中等的证据表明,在治疗第 1 天和第 3 天静脉输注白蛋白治疗与没有输注白蛋白的相比,可降低不可逆肾损伤的发生率(21% 和 6%)。[119]Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:403-409.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199908053410603#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10432325?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。降低不可逆肾损伤的发生的研究:关于 126 例无并发症的 SBP 患者研究的中等的证据表明,在治疗第 1 天和第 3 天静脉输注白蛋白治疗与没有输注白蛋白的相比,可降低不可逆肾损伤的发生率(21% 和 6%)。[119]Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:403-409.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199908053410603#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10432325?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 降低病死率:来自 126 例无并发症的 SBP 患者的中等证据表明,治疗第 1 天和第 3 天输注白蛋白与没有输注白蛋白的患者相比,可降低住院患者的病死率(29% 与 10%)。肾功能正常和胆红素<68μmol/L(<4 mg/dL)的患者间的病死率无显著差别。[119]Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:403-409.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199908053410603#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10432325?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。降低病死率:来自 126 例无并发症的 SBP 患者的中等证据表明,治疗第 1 天和第 3 天输注白蛋白与没有输注白蛋白的患者相比,可降低住院患者的病死率(29% 与 10%)。肾功能正常和胆红素<68μmol/L(<4 mg/dL)的患者间的病死率无显著差别。[119]Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:403-409.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199908053410603#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10432325?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 穿刺术后出血:中等证据表明肝硬化患者穿刺术后出血的发生率很低。两个回顾性研究调查了超过 5300 例患者显示,明显出血发生率为 0.2%。[135]Pache I, Bilodeau M. Severe hemorrhage following abdominal paracentesis for ascites in patients with liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:525-529.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02387.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740535?tool=bestpractice.com[136]McVay PA, Toy PT. Lack of increased bleeding after paracentesis and thoracentesis in patients with mild coagulation abnormalities. Transfusion. 1991;31:164-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1996485?tool=bestpractice.com一项 410 例腹腔穿刺的前瞻性研究中,尽管有 55 例患者血小板计数<50 000 个细胞/mm^3、84 例患者 INR>2.5,但只有 2 例出现明显的出血。[90]Lin CH, Shih FY, Ma MH, et al. Should bleeding tendency deter abdominal paracentesis? Dig Liver Dis. 2005;37:946-951.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16185942?tool=bestpractice.com另一个 515 例腹腔穿刺的前瞻性研究中,有 5 例出现明显的出血,且出血仅与治疗性穿刺相关,与诊断性穿刺无关。[137]De Gottardi A, Thevenot T, Spahr, et al. Risk of complications after abdominal paracentesis in cirrhotic patients: a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:906-909.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447197?tool=bestpractice.com显著的出血与凝血障碍或血小板减少无关,可能与肾功能不全有关。[135]Pache I, Bilodeau M. Severe hemorrhage following abdominal paracentesis for ascites in patients with liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:525-529.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02387.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740535?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。穿刺术后出血:中等证据表明肝硬化患者穿刺术后出血的发生率很低。两个回顾性研究调查了超过 5300 例患者显示,明显出血发生率为 0.2%。[135]Pache I, Bilodeau M. Severe hemorrhage following abdominal paracentesis for ascites in patients with liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:525-529.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02387.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740535?tool=bestpractice.com[136]McVay PA, Toy PT. Lack of increased bleeding after paracentesis and thoracentesis in patients with mild coagulation abnormalities. Transfusion. 1991;31:164-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1996485?tool=bestpractice.com一项 410 例腹腔穿刺的前瞻性研究中,尽管有 55 例患者血小板计数<50 000 个细胞/mm^3、84 例患者 INR>2.5,但只有 2 例出现明显的出血。[90]Lin CH, Shih FY, Ma MH, et al. Should bleeding tendency deter abdominal paracentesis? Dig Liver Dis. 2005;37:946-951.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16185942?tool=bestpractice.com另一个 515 例腹腔穿刺的前瞻性研究中,有 5 例出现明显的出血,且出血仅与治疗性穿刺相关,与诊断性穿刺无关。[137]De Gottardi A, Thevenot T, Spahr, et al. Risk of complications after abdominal paracentesis in cirrhotic patients: a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:906-909.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447197?tool=bestpractice.com显著的出血与凝血障碍或血小板减少无关,可能与肾功能不全有关。[135]Pache I, Bilodeau M. Severe hemorrhage following abdominal paracentesis for ascites in patients with liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:525-529.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02387.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740535?tool=bestpractice.com
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