抗生素治疗的概要
如果患者无脓毒症、肝性脑病、消化道出血等征象且一般状况良好,可选择口服抗生素(喹诺酮类或头孢克肟等头孢菌素类)。使用口服和静脉注射抗生素在对于 SBP 患者的病死率和治愈率的差别:有高质量的研究证据表明,口服与静脉注射抗生素两者间病死率和治愈率均无差异。研究比较了口服头孢克肟和静脉注射头孢曲松钠、[99]Figueiredo FAF, Coelho HSM, Alvariz RG, et al. Randomized trial comparing intravenous ceftriaxone with oral cefixime for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients: pilot study. Presented at: 5th United European Gastroenterology Week, Paris, 1996.口服氧氟沙星与静脉注射头孢噻肟、[100]Navasa M, Follo A, Llovet JM, et al. Randomized, comparative study of oral ofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1011-1017.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831596?tool=bestpractice.com和口服环丙沙星与静脉注射头孢噻肟和静脉注射头孢曲松。[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com研究已排除了有并发症的 SBP 患者(脓毒症、肝性脑病或明显肾功能不全)系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。疗程为 5-10 天。
如果患者有脓毒症、脑病或消化道出血,应该经验性使用包括抗革兰阴性和革兰阳性细菌的广谱抗生素。首选第三代头孢菌素、环丙沙星或广谱青霉素的β内酰胺酶抑制剂,如氨苄青霉素/舒巴坦。如果患者有氟喹诺酮预防治疗史、医院获得性感染或既往耐药菌感染史,可考虑加用万古霉素以更好地覆盖革兰氏阳性球菌,特别是在脓毒症患者中。
很多抗生素都是有效的。缓解或改善 SBP 的临床症状:高质量的研究证据显示,很多抗生素对 SBP 有效[102]Chavez-Tapia NC, Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, et al. Antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD002232.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002232.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160207?tool=bestpractice.com包括头孢噻肟、[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V, et al. Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections. Hepatology. 1985;5:457-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3888810?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Rimola A, Salmeron JM, Clemente G. Two different dosages of cefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Hepatology. 1995;21:674-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7875666?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Navasa M, Follo A, Llovet JM, et al. Randomized, comparative study of oral ofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1011-1017.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831596?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com头孢曲松、[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I, et al. Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1587-1592.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8215267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215267?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Figueiredo FAF, Coelho HSM, Alvariz RG, et al. Randomized trial comparing intravenous ceftriaxone with oral cefixime for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients: pilot study. Presented at: 5th United European Gastroenterology Week, Paris, 1996.环丙沙星、[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com头孢他啶、[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com头孢尼西、[106]Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I, et al. Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1587-1592.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8215267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215267?tool=bestpractice.com阿莫西林/克拉维酸、[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com和阿米卡星(尽管对革兰阳性菌不是经验性治疗)。[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com在所有这些治疗方案的研究中,治疗疗程是基于临床症状和体征的缓解,而不是一个固定时间(大多数疗程是 7-10 天)。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。治疗疗程不是固定的(大多数疗程是 7-10 天),而是应根据临床症状和体征的缓解来判断,另外,抗生素的剂量和频率应根据肾功能不全调整。
研究发现,应用不同抗生素在 SBP 的病死率和/或治愈率之间无差别。不同抗生素间 SBP 的病死率和治愈率:高质量的证据表明,不同的抗生素对 SBP 的病死率和/或治愈率无显著差异。研究比较了头孢噻肟和头孢曲松钠、[101]Tuncer I, Topcu N, Durmus A, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus intravenous cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1426-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571754?tool=bestpractice.com头孢噻肟和阿米卡星、[105]Chen TA, Lo GH, Lai KH, et al. Single daily amikacin versus cefotaxime in the short-course treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotics. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6823-6827.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i43/6823.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425390?tool=bestpractice.com头孢噻肟与阿莫西林/克拉维酸、[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com头孢曲松钠和头孢尼西、[106]Gomez-Jimenez J, Ribera E, Gasser I, et al. Randomized trial comparing ceftriaxone with cefonicid for treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1587-1592.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8215267http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8215267?tool=bestpractice.com莫西沙星与阿莫西林/克拉维酸[108]Grange J. Randomized comparative study of moxifloxacin versus amoxicillin-clavulanate in the treatment of bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology. 2004;40(suppl 1):631.和环丙沙星与头孢他啶[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com显示不同抗生素对 SBP 的病死率和/或治愈率无差异。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。研究发现,第三代头孢菌素和其他抗生素相比并没有明显的优越性。然而,由于其治疗的有效性,所以是治疗 SBP 的常用抗生素。[102]Chavez-Tapia NC, Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, et al. Antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD002232.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002232.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160207?tool=bestpractice.com头孢噻肟比氨苄青霉素联合妥布霉素更有效。头孢噻肟或氨苄西林加妥布霉素对感染的治愈率:中等的证据表明,对于肝硬化患者,头孢噻肟比氨苄青霉素加妥布霉素更有效。[103]Felisart J, Rimola A, Arroyo V, et al. Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections. Hepatology. 1985;5:457-462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3888810?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。小剂量/短期使用第三代头孢菌素和大剂量/长期使用疗效一样的证据不足。[102]Chavez-Tapia NC, Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, et al. Antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD002232.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002232.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160207?tool=bestpractice.com只有一项研究评估了头孢噻肟两个不同剂量的疗效,发现两者之间并没有区别。不同剂量的头孢噻肟对 SBP 的病死率和治愈率:有中等证据表明,头孢噻肟 2 g 每 12 小时静脉滴注 1 次与头孢噻肟 2 g 每 6 小时静脉滴注 1 次是等效的。[104]Rimola A, Salmeron JM, Clemente G. Two different dosages of cefotaxime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Hepatology. 1995;21:674-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7875666?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
革兰阳性球菌和产生超广谱 β 内酰胺酶 (ESBL) 的革兰阴性杆菌的患病率均增加,甚至出现耐碳青霉烯类药物肺炎克雷伯菌,这对第三代头孢菌素是否仍是充分一线经验性治疗的提出了疑问。2001-2011 年发表的研究发现,头孢菌素耐药率为 20%-43%。[109]Ariza X, Castellote J, Lora-Tamayo J, et al. Risk factors for resistance to ceftriaxone and its impact on mortality in community, healthcare and nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Hepatol. 2012;56:825-832.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22173153?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Novovic S, Semb S, Olsen H, et al. First-line treatment with cephalosporins in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis provides poor antibiotic coverage. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:212-216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191479?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Reuken PA, Pletz MW, Baier M, et al. Emergence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to enterococci - risk factors and outcome in a 12-year retrospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:1199-1208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22449290?tool=bestpractice.com一个 38 例 SBP 的病例系列分析显示,应用头孢噻肟治疗 48 小时的失败率为 41%,故迫使调整为其他可选的抗生素。[112]Angeloni S, Leboffe C, Parente A, et al. Efficacy of current guidelines for the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the clinical practice. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:2757-2762.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2709049/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18461661?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究调查了 2005 年到 2011 年腹水培养阳性的 314 例患者,其致病菌并没有什么变化,但对推荐的一线抗生素耐药率增加。革兰阴性和革兰阳性致病菌对以下抗生素的耐药率分别是:头孢噻肟(63% 和 86%)、头孢他啶(73% 和 82%)、环丙沙星(30% 和 60%)、苯唑西林和(35% 和 52%)。大肠杆菌最敏感的药物是亚胺培南/西司他丁、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢唑肟、阿米卡星和庆大霉素。[113]Sheikhbahaei S, Abdollahi A, Hafezi-Nejad N, et al. Patterns of antimicrobial resistance in the causative organisms of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a single centre, six-year experience of 1981 samples. Int J Hepatol. 2014;2014:917856.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3980918/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24778884?tool=bestpractice.com一项在 2007 年至 2013 年期间开展的研究表明,即使是在 SBP 第一次发作的患者中,非医院内 SBP 或医院内 SBP 对第三代头孢菌素的耐药率也分别为 30% 和 44%。[114]Friedrich K, Nüssle S, Rehlen T, et al. Microbiology and resistance in first episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: implications for management and prognosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31:1191-1195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26676553?tool=bestpractice.com不出所料,抗微生物药物耐药谱增大已被证明是 SBP 患者死亡率的独立预测因子。那么很明显,必须密切检查每个医疗机构的新耐药模式,以确定是否需要更广谱的经验性抗生素。
当临床症状好转 48 小时后,应考虑改用口服抗生素,如喹诺酮类或头孢菌素类。早期改用口服抗生素对 SBP 的病死率或治愈率的研究:有高质量的证据表明,临床症状和体征改善后早期过渡到口服抗生素与长期静脉抗生素治疗对 SBP 的病死率或治愈率无差别。[44]Ricart E, Soriano G, Novella MT, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefotaxime in the therapy of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2000;32:596-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782908?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Angeli P, Guarda S, Fasolato S, et al. Switch therapy with ciprofloxacin vs. intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: similar efficacy at lower cost. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:75-84.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02706.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393283?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Terg R, Cobas S, Fassio E, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin after a short course of intravenous ciprofloxacin in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: results of a multicenter, randomized study. J Hepatol. 2000;33:564-569.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11059861?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。抗生素的总疗程是 5-10 天。无中毒症状的 SBP 患者可口服氟喹诺酮类药物。[102]Chavez-Tapia NC, Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, et al. Antibiotics for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD002232.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002232.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160207?tool=bestpractice.com