这是一种常见疾病,在西方国家发病率可达 10%~20%。[2]Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug;101(8):1900-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16928254?tool=bestpractice.com 全球患病率不同,亚洲的患病率不到 10%。[8]World Gastroenterology Organisation. Global perspective on gastroesophageal reflux disease. October 2015 [internet publication].http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/gastroesophagel-reflux-disease-english-2015.pdf 可累及各个年龄段。
目前没有明确的预测因子。肥胖被认为是胃食管反流病的一个危险因素。[9]El-Serag H. The association between obesity and GERD: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Sep;53(9):2307-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827866/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18651221?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Eusebi LH, Fuccio L, Bazzoli F. The role of obesity in gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis. 2012;30(2):154-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722430?tool=bestpractice.com 这种风险可能与体质指数(BMI)增加有关。在一项 meta 分析中,BMI 为 25 至 30 kg/m^2 时,反流症状的相对危险度为 1.43,而 BMI 大于 30 kg/m^2 时,症状的相对危险度为 1.94。[11]Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Aug 2;143(3):199-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061918?tool=bestpractice.com 双生子研究表明可能存在遗传因素。[12]Romero Y, Cameron AJ, Locke GR III, et al. Familial aggregation of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 1997 Nov;113(5):1449-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9352846?tool=bestpractice.com 饮酒、吸烟以及进食特定的食物(例如咖啡、薄荷、柑橘类水果或油脂等)可能会更易导致或触发胃食管反流病的发生,但并无明确的证据。降低食管下括约肌压力的药物(例如钙离子通道阻滞剂)可以促使胃食管反流病发生。[13]Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Adams HO, et al. Association between medications that relax the lower esophageal sphincter and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Aug 1;133(3):165-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10906830?tool=bestpractice.com