重组人生长激素 (rhGH) 也称作促生长激素,它革新了 GHD 的治疗。在确定与 Creutzfeldt-Jakob 病 (CJD) 的关联后,停用了天然的垂体提取液。[55]Dattani M, Preece M. Growth hormone deficiency and related disorders: insights into causation, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet. 2004;363:1977-1987.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15194259?tool=bestpractice.com rhGH 也已用于 Turner 综合征、宫内生长受限 (IUGR)、慢性肾功能衰竭、Prader-Willi 综合征、特发性矮小症以及 SHOX 基因缺乏症。[32]Cook DM, Yuen KC, Biller BM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adults and transition patients - 2009 update. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(suppl 2):S1-S29.https://www.aace.com/files/growth-hormone-guidelines.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228036?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Deal CL, Tony M, Höybye C, et al; 2011 Growth Hormone in Prader-Willi Syndrome Clinical Care Guidelines Workshop Participants. Growth Hormone Research Society workshop summary: consensus guidelines for recombinant human growth hormone therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:E1072-E1087.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2012-3888http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543664?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Blum WF, Ross JL, Zimmermann AG, et al. GH treatment to final height produces similar height gains in patients with SHOX deficiency and Turner syndrome: results of a multicenter trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:E1383-E1392.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720786?tool=bestpractice.com
应在考虑生长数据、胰岛素样生长因子1 (IGF1) 及其结合蛋白 (IGFBP3) 浓度、2 次激发试验后的 GH 峰值以及儿童/家庭的选择等之后,再做出GHD患者治疗的决策。早期诊断和治疗可令正常生长得以延续。
重组人生长激素 (rhGH)
在睡时对患者施以皮下 rhGH 治疗。[58]Wilson TA, Rose SR, Cohen P, et al. Update of guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children: the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrinology Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee. J Pediatr. 2003;143:415-421.https://www.pedsendo.org/education_training/healthcare_providers/consensus_statements/assets/sdarticle.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14571209?tool=bestpractice.com在快速的短期生长后会出现长期生长的正常化。应持续治疗到达最终身高或骨骺闭合。[59]Rappaport R, Mugnier E, Limoni C, et al; French Serono Study Group. A 5-year prospective study of growth hormone (GH)-deficient children treated with GH before the age of 3 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:452-456.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jcem.82.2.3756http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9024235?tool=bestpractice.com建议剂量为 0.175 mg/kg/周至 0.4 mg/kg/周,分 6 或 7 次每日皮下给药。第一年身高增加预示着对治疗的反应良好。其他因素包括治疗开始时的年龄和身高以及治疗持续时间。[60]Saggese G, Federico G, Barsanti S, et al. The effect of administering gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist with recombinant-human growth hormone (GH) on the final height of girls with isolated GH deficiency: results from a controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1900-1904.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jcem.86.5.7439http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11344181?tool=bestpractice.com研究还指出 GH 受体和 IGFBP3 多态性在确定生长反应方面的作用,在确定最佳的剂量方面提出了难题。[61]Alatzoglou KS, Dattani MT. Genetic causes and treatment of isolated growth hormone deficiency: an update. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6:562-576.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20852587?tool=bestpractice.com
单一的 GHD 的患者rhGH治疗,最佳的青春期前生长最能确定其终身高。[29]Ranke MB, Price DA, Albertsson-Wikland K, et al. Factors determining pubertal growth and final height in growth hormone treatment of idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: analysis of 195 patients of the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study. Horm Res. 1997;48:62-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9251922?tool=bestpractice.com使用加倍剂量的 GH 来治疗青春期 GHD 患者不会提高生长速度。[62]Fradkin JE, Schonberger LB, Mills JL, et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in pituitary growth hormone recipients in the United States. JAMA. 1991;265:880-884.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1992185?tool=bestpractice.com但是,有些研究显示,与青春期 0.3 mg/kg/周的剂量相比,在接近成人终身高的水平,使用 0.7 mg/kg/周的剂量可获得 4.6 cm 至 5.7 cm 的净增量。[63]Mauras N, Attie KM, Reiter EO, et al; Genentech, Inc. Cooperative Study Group. High dose recombinant human growth hormone (GH) treatment of GH-deficient patients in puberty increases near-final height: a randomized, multicenter trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3653-3660.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jcem.85.10.6906http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11061518?tool=bestpractice.com总体上,除非预测的成人身高较低,否则不建议在青春期提升 GH 剂量,因为在青春期施以高剂量可加剧生理性高胰岛素血症。为提升终身高,曾尝试使用促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH) 类似物延迟青春期作为辅助疗法,仅实现身高的一点温和增长。[64]Mericq MV, Eggers M, Avila A, et al. Near final height in pubertal growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients treated with GH alone or in combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog: results of a prospective, randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:569-573.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jcem.85.2.6343http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10690857?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Stanhope R, Albanese A, Hindmarsh P, et al. The effects of growth hormone therapy on spontaneous sexual development. Horm Res. 1992;38(suppl 1):9-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295821?tool=bestpractice.com
rhGH 安全并且耐受性好。无克雅病 (CJD) 风险。不良反应包括良性颅高压、盐和水潴留、急性胰腺炎和股骨头骨骺滑脱症。应定期监控 TFT,因为治疗可能暴露甲状腺功能减退症。[66]Porretti S, Giavoli C, Ronchi C, et al. Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: when does L-T(4) therapy become mandatory? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2042-2045.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11994338?tool=bestpractice.comGH 治疗还会增加皮质醇至皮质酮的转化。因此,当患有联合垂体激素缺乏症 (CPHD) 的患者在接受多项激素替代治疗期间,可能需要为他们调整剂量。胰岛功能亢进和 2 型糖尿病的风险增加。[67]Mehta A, Hindmarsh PC. The use of somatropin (recombinant growth hormone) in children of short stature. Paediatr Drugs. 2002;4:37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11817985?tool=bestpractice.com然而,GH 治疗的长期安全性尚不确定。[68]Swerdlow AJ, Cooke R, Albertsson-Wikland K, et al. Description of the SAGhE cohort: a large European study of mortality and cancer incidence risks after childhood treatment with recombinant growth hormone. Horm Res Paediatr. 2015;84:172-183.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/435856http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26227295?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者接受 2 至 3 次/周的高剂量垂体 GH 治疗,并伴有可能较高的 IGF1 浓度,则其具有较高的结肠癌和霍奇金氏病发病率。[69]Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Adlard P, et al. Risk of cancer in patients treated with human pituitary growth hormone in the UK, 1959-85: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002;360:273-277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12147369?tool=bestpractice.com显著升高的 IGF1 浓度一直与结肠癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌相关。[70]Ma J, Pollak MN, Giovannucci E, et al. Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:620-625.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/7/620.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10203281?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet. 1998;351:1393-1396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9593409?tool=bestpractice.com[72].Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL. What causes prostate cancer? A brief summary of the epidemiology. Semin Cancer Biol. 1998;8:263-273.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9870033?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Furstenberger G, Senn HJ. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:298-302.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067807?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Palmqvist R, Hallmans G, Rinaldi S, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study in northern Sweden. Gut. 2002;50:642-646.http://gut.bmj.com/content/50/5/642.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950809?tool=bestpractice.com但是,没有证据表明使用 rhGH 的当前建议剂量会使患恶性肿瘤的风险增加。通常,不应在恶性疾病活动时给予 GH。在开始治疗前,应记录 6 至 12 个月的肿瘤停止增长或复发的情况。