通过 SECCA 向肛管肌肉传输射频能量
SECCA® 是一个向肛门括约肌传递温控射频能量的装置。热量使胶原收缩、愈合以及重塑,使肌纤维更短更紧。[76]Efron JE, Corman ML, Fleshman J, et al. Safety and effectiveness of temperature-controlled radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal (Secca procedure) for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003 Dec;46(12):1606-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668584?tool=bestpractice.com 一个多中心试验,包含50例患者,研究表明该设备安全,而且在治疗6个月后可以提高患者自制力。[76]Efron JE, Corman ML, Fleshman J, et al. Safety and effectiveness of temperature-controlled radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal (Secca procedure) for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003 Dec;46(12):1606-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668584?tool=bestpractice.com[77]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Endoscopic radiofrequency therapy of the anal sphincter for faecal incontinence. May 2011 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/IPG393 对那些保守治疗无效的严重失禁患者,该治疗可能是侵袭性最小的选择。一个包含19例患者经过5年随访的试验表明,经过SECCA®治疗大于50%的患者可以改善症状和生活质量。[78]Takahashi-Monroy T, Morales M, Garcia-Osogobio S, et al. SECCA procedure for the treatment of fecal incontinence: results of five-year follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Mar;51(3):355-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18204954?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,另一项随机假对照临床试验显示,虽然从统计数据上看,射频治疗相较于假手术组更具明显优势,但结果也表明其临床影响可忽略不计。在推荐将该方法纳入治疗流程已被接受的部分之前,需要对患者治疗成功的预测指标进行进一步研究。[79]Visscher AP, Lam TJ, Meurs-Szojda MM, et al. Temperature-controlled delivery of radiofrequency energy in fecal incontinence: a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017 Aug;60(8):860-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28682972?tool=bestpractice.com
胫骨神经刺激
胫后神经起源于骶丛。 在这个角度经皮下刺激可以产生和传统的骶神经刺激一样的效果,而且不需要昂贵的植入发电机。 也可以经皮刺激。[80]George AT, Kalmar K, Sala S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous versus transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2013 Feb;100(3):330-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300071?tool=bestpractice.com 一些研究发现了一些可以显著改善结果的措施。[81]Govaert B, Pares D, Delgado-Aros S, et al. A prospective multicentre study to investigate percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2010 Dec;12(12):1236-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19674028?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Boyle DJ, Prosser K, Allison ME, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of urge fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010 Apr;53(4):432-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305443?tool=bestpractice.com[83]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for faecal incontinence. May 2011 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/IPG395[84]Horrocks EJ, Thin N, Thaha MA, et al. Systematic review of tibial nerve stimulation to treat faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2014 Apr;101(5):457-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24446127?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,与假刺激相比,一项高质量临床试验显示其对于失禁没有任何改善,[85]Knowles CH, Horrocks EJ, Bremner SA, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus sham electrical stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults (CONFIDeNT): a double-blind, multicentre, pragmatic, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Oct 24;386(10004):1640-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293315?tool=bestpractice.com 而另一项研究仅提示少许获益。[86]van der Wilt AA, Giuliani G, Kubis C, et al. Randomized clinical trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus sham electrical stimulation in patients with faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2017 Aug;104(9):1167-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28703936?tool=bestpractice.com 相较于其他患者,亚组患者(例如存在排便受阻的患者)可能受益更多。[87]Horrocks EJ, Chadi SA, Stevens NJ, et al. Factors associated with efficacy of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence, based on post-hoc analysis of data from a randomized trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Dec;15(12):1915-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28647458?tool=bestpractice.com 目前基于现有的证据,胫骨神经刺激是不被推荐的。 治疗需要消耗体力,患者需要多个治疗周期,并且可能需要额外的追加治疗。 从逻辑上来说经皮刺激更加简单,因为患者需要最小程度的指导并且不需要医院就诊。 然而,关于临床结局的结果同样令人失望。[80]George AT, Kalmar K, Sala S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous versus transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2013 Feb;100(3):330-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300071?tool=bestpractice.com
新型人造括约肌
目前正在研发各种各样设计的人造括约肌,从而试图减少可能的并发症并且提高有效性。其中一种装置是由一排磁铁组成。这种简单的设计可降低装置故障甚至感染的发生率,但约有 20% 的患者仍会在植入后 1 年内摘除装置。[88]Sugrue J, Lehur PA, Madoff RD, et al. Long-term experience of magnetic anal sphincter augmentation in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2017 Jan;60(1):87-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27926562?tool=bestpractice.com 相关开发尚待进一步研究,[89]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Insertion of a magnetic-bead band for faecal incontinence. March 2014 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/IPG483但由于商业原因,器械制造规模正在回缩,可能会对研发造成阻碍。
干细胞注射
目前已有将患者肌细胞中自体成肌细胞直接注射入肛门外括约肌的相关研究。一项由 10 名患者组成的初步研究结果显示此疗法颇具前景,[90]Frudinger A, Kölle D, Schwaiger W, et al. Muscle-derived cell injection to treat anal incontinence due to obstetric trauma: pilot study with 1 year follow-up. Gut. 2010 Jan;59(1):55-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19875391?tool=bestpractice.com 随后的 II 期临床试验对 24 例患者进行了为期 12 个月的治疗,研究结果表明,治疗组的临床获益优于安慰剂组。[91]Boyer O, Bridoux V, Giverne C, et al. Autologous myoblasts for the treatment of fecal incontinence: results of a phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled study (MIAS). Ann Surg. 2018 Mar;267(3):443-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28426476?tool=bestpractice.com
新型肛门塞和阴道气球
患者对肛门塞的耐受性普遍差;但是,耐受性更好的新型设计已被研发,并且正在处于测试阶段。美国食品药品监督管理局 (US FDA) 已经批准使用阴道气囊,气囊充气后会对直肠施压,从而减少大便失禁的次数。[92]Richter HE, Matthews CA, Muir T, et al. A vaginal bowel-control system for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Mar;125(3):540-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25730213?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
有限的证据表明,用药物增强括约肌张力,如去氧肾上腺素和丙戊酸钠可能对失禁和具有完整的括约肌复合体的患者有帮助。[93]Omar MI, Alexander CE. Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 11;(6):CD002116.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002116.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757096?tool=bestpractice.com 可乐定可降低直肠感觉和紧迫性;然而,结果是不确定的。[94]Rao SS. Current and emerging treatment options for fecal incontinence. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014 Oct;48(9):752-64.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166012/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25014235?tool=bestpractice.com