多种治疗方法已被作为可能的治疗方案;但是,仍然没有有效的药物治疗方法。疾病管理包括症状及相关并发症的治疗,并进行终末期肝病的肝移植评估。
疾病早期
疾病早期患者可能是无症状的,只需要动态观察和一般的生活方式干预。对于所有的慢性肝病患者一般生活方式的建议包括:保持健康的饮食和体重(避免非酒精性脂肪肝疾病潜在的肝损伤)和限制饮酒(避免酒精肝损伤)。然而,这些建议并非有循证医学证据。
患者普遍存在影响生活质量的严重瘙痒。根据临床经验,多年来胆汁酸螯合剂被认为是治疗皮肤瘙痒有效的一线药物。[52]Carey JB Jr, Williams G. Relief of the pruritus of jaundice with a bile-acid sequestering resin. JAMA. 1961;176:432-435.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13690773?tool=bestpractice.com疗效:低级别证据表明胆汁酸螯合剂提供有效缓解因黄疸导致的瘙痒。[52]Carey JB Jr, Williams G. Relief of the pruritus of jaundice with a bile-acid sequestering resin. JAMA. 1961;176:432-435.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13690773?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,与影响其他药物吸收和其引起的便秘都限制其临床应用。有相互作用的药物包括利福平,[53]Khurana S, Singh P. Rifampin is safe for treatment of pruritus due to chronic cholestasis: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized-controlled trials. Liver Int. 2006;26:943-948.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953834?tool=bestpractice.com纳曲酮,[54]Terg R, Coronel E, Sorda J, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral naltrexone treatment for pruritus of cholestasis, a crossover, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol. 2002;37:717-722.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12445410?tool=bestpractice.com和选择性5-羟色胺重吸收抑制剂。[55]Mayo MJ, Handem I, Saldana S, et al. Sertraline as a first-line treatment for cholestatic pruritus. Hepatology. 2007;45:666-674.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17326161?tool=bestpractice.com
自身免疫性肝炎-PSC重叠的管理建议与无重叠PSC的自身免疫性肝炎相同。这涉及应用糖皮质激素和其他免疫抑制剂治疗活动性自身免疫性肝炎。
所有患者一旦诊断,应每隔2-3年,完善骨密度检查以排除肝性骨营养不良。[37]Zein CO, Jorgensen RA, Clarke B, et al. Alendronate improves bone mineral density in primary biliary cirrhosis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2005;42:762-771.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20866/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16175618?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Collier J. Bone disorders in chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 2007;46:1271-1278.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.21852/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17886334?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Chapman R, Fevery J, Kalloo A, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:660-678.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23294/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101749?tool=bestpractice.com肝源性骨质减少患者应补充钙及维生素 D。[25]Chapman R, Fevery J, Kalloo A, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:660-678.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23294/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101749?tool=bestpractice.com伴有肝源性骨质疏松患者应接受双膦酸盐治疗,绝经后妇女应考虑HRT治疗。[25]Chapman R, Fevery J, Kalloo A, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:660-678.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23294/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101749?tool=bestpractice.com
合并炎症性肠病(IBD)患者由于发生结直肠癌的风险很大,应定期进行结肠镜检查。[39]Vleggaar FP, Lutgens MW, Claessen MM, et al. Review article: the relevance of surveillance endoscopy in long-lasting inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(suppl 2):47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18081648?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Chapman R, Fevery J, Kalloo A, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:660-678.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23294/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101749?tool=bestpractice.com有报道熊去氧胆酸可以降低合并IBD的PSC患者患大肠癌的风险,但因其潜在的不良反应不推荐使用。
胆总管狭窄
胆总管狭窄(肝外胆管分支的狭窄)快速恶化的患者(迅速恶化的黄疸和皮肤瘙痒,急性细菌性胆管炎,肝功能恶化)需要内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP),和狭窄球囊扩张术。这种治疗方法可以改善胆汁淤积,瘙痒,甚至可能提高存活率。[56]Gluck M, Cantone NR, Brandaburr JJ, et al. A twenty-year experience with endoscopic therapy for symptomatic primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42:1032-1039.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580600?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Gotthardt DN, Rudolph G, Klöters-Plachky P, et al. Endoscopic dilation of dominant stenoses in primary sclerosing cholangitis: outcome after long-term treatment. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:527-534.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189511?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Aljiffry M, Renfrew PD, Walsh MJ, et al. Analytical review of diagnosis and treatment strategies for dominant bile duct strictures in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13:79-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21241424?tool=bestpractice.com疗效:有中等级别的证据表明,治疗性ERCP可改善胆汁淤积,瘙痒,以及生存率。[56]Gluck M, Cantone NR, Brandaburr JJ, et al. A twenty-year experience with endoscopic therapy for symptomatic primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42:1032-1039.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580600?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。内镜下取出原发性胆管结石(由狭窄处以上的胆汁淤积造成)也可能会改善临床症状。[56]Gluck M, Cantone NR, Brandaburr JJ, et al. A twenty-year experience with endoscopic therapy for symptomatic primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42:1032-1039.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580600?tool=bestpractice.com弥漫性肝内胆管狭窄但无局灶性肝外胆管狭窄的患者,从内镜治疗中获益的可能性较小。由于ERCP检查有约10%相关并发症风险(包括胰腺炎,胆管炎,肝脓肿,脓毒症,出血,穿孔),因此推荐在进行ERCP检查前可预防性应用抗生素。[46]Etzel JP, Eng SC, Ko CW, et al. Complications after ERCP in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;67:643-648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061595?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Gluck M, Cantone NR, Brandaburr JJ, et al. A twenty-year experience with endoscopic therapy for symptomatic primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42:1032-1039.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580600?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Stiehl A, Rudolph G, Kloters-Plachky P, et al. Development of dominant bile duct stenoses in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis treated with ursodeoxycholic acid: outcome after endoscopic treatment. J Hepatol. 2002;36:151-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11830325?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Hirota WK, Petersen K, Baron TH, et al. Guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:475-482.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520276?tool=bestpractice.com在狭窄部位放置可移除的塑料支架可增加相关并发症的发生,[60]Kaya M, Petersen BT, Angulo P, et al. Balloon dilation compared to stenting of dominant strictures in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1059-1066.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11316147?tool=bestpractice.com因此推荐只有在反复出现的难治性狭窄时才可放置支架。[25]Chapman R, Fevery J, Kalloo A, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2010;51:660-678.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23294/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101749?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Aljiffry M, Renfrew PD, Walsh MJ, et al. Analytical review of diagnosis and treatment strategies for dominant bile duct strictures in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13:79-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21241424?tool=bestpractice.com
胆道内镜治疗也有不成功的案例。在这些情况下,可进行经皮肝穿刺胆道造影(PTC)引流胆汁,放置支架,和/或狭窄扩张。尽管刷片细胞学检查只有约18%的阳性率,但仍应进行以排除胆管癌。[43]Baron TH, Harewood GC, Rumalla A, et al. A prospective comparison of digital image analysis and routine cytology for the identification of malignancy in biliary tract strictures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:214-219.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017605?tool=bestpractice.com当某些非肝硬化患者胆总管狭窄内镜治疗无效时,可采取外科手术治疗。[61]Pawlik TM, Olbrecht VA, Pitt HA, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: role of extrahepatic biliary resection. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206:822-830.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18471705?tool=bestpractice.com
终末期肝病
肝移植是PSC导致终末期肝病的唯一治疗手段。肝移植应在移植术后预期生存期超过不进行移植术的患者中进行。PSC的自然病程不可预知,包括胆管癌的发展,因此确定肝移植的最佳时机成为目前临床的一大挑战。与其他病因造成的终末期肝病相似,对需进行肝移植的PSC患者要进行MELD评分评估病情。HRSA/OPTN: MELD/PELD calculator患者肝移植后10年生存期为70%,大大延长了生存期。[62]Graziadei IW. Wiesner RH, Marotta PJ, et al. Long-term results of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:1121-1127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10534330?tool=bestpractice.com疗效:有中等级别的证据表明,肝移植患者的10年生存率为70%。[62]Graziadei IW. Wiesner RH, Marotta PJ, et al. Long-term results of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:1121-1127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10534330?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。约10%至20%的肝移植患者会复发,最终导致移植失败,并需要再次移植。[63]Graziadei IW, Wiesner RH, Batts KP, et al. Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1999;29:1050-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10094945?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Gordon F. Recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis: clinical diagnosis and long-term management issues. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:S73-S75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17051565?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Alexander J, Lord JD, Yeh MM, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2008;14:245-251.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18236405?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Campsen J, Zimmerman MA, Trotter JF, et al. Clinically recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation: a time course. Liver Transpl. 2008;14:181-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18236392?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数患者会发生终末期肝病的并发症包括食管静脉曲张、腹水。这些并发症的管理与其他原因导致的终末期肝病是相似的。晚期肝病或肝硬化的患者应及时就诊于肝移植中心进行评估和管理。
试验性的而非推荐的治疗措施
熊去氧胆酸(UDCA或熊去氧胆酸)是一种替代了以前更常用的疏水性胆汁酸(认为在胆汁淤积中是有肝毒性)的亲水性胆汁酸。原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者的治疗并无特定的标准,但熊去氧胆酸已被证明对于某些亚类的原发性胆汁性肝硬化的治疗是有效的。熊去氧胆酸治疗常可以改善肝功能检查指标(胆红素,碱性磷酸酶,AST,γGT),但临床中始终难以证明UDCA治疗PSC的有效性。一项 meta 分析表明,UDCA标准剂量的治疗也可能轻度改善组织学及胆管造影检查结果,但对患者的临床症状、肝功能失代偿、是否需要接受肝移植、死亡率均无明显改善。[67]Shi JL, Li Z, Zeng X, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hepatol Res. 2009;39:865-873.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467021?tool=bestpractice.com另有研究表明,高剂量的UDCA可以降低肝纤维化的进展和胆管造影检查结果,[68]Mitchell SA, Bansi DS, Hunt N, et al. A preliminary trial of high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:900-907.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11606503?tool=bestpractice.com以及提高预期[69]Harnois DM, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid as a therapy for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1558-1562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11374699?tool=bestpractice.com和实际生存率。[70]Olsson R, Boberg KM, de Muckadell OS, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a 5-year multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:1464-1472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285948?tool=bestpractice.com然而,一项RCT研究表明大剂量UDCA可能无法改善生存。更进一步,由于令人担忧的副作用该试验被提前终止(在UDCA治疗组有更多患者达到预先建立的临床终点事件:肝功能失代偿,胆管癌,肝移植,或死亡)。[71]Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Luketic VA, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2009;50:808-814.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23082/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19585548?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Imam MH, Sinakos E, Gossard AA, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid increases risk of adverse outcomes in patients with early stage primary sclerosing cholangitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:1185-1192.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21957881?tool=bestpractice.com此外,该研究显示高剂量的UDCA会增加合并溃疡性结肠炎患者演变为结肠直肠癌的可能。[73]Eaton JE, Silveira MG, Pardi DS, et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid is associated with the development of colorectal neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:1638-1645.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21556038?tool=bestpractice.com因此,任何剂量的UDCA均不推荐用于PSC的治疗。[74]Poropat G, Giljaca V, Stimac D, et al. Bile acids for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD003626.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249655?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Triantos CK, Koukias NM, Nikolopoulou VN, et al. Meta-analysis: ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:901-910.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21883323?tool=bestpractice.com此外,PSC患者不允许使用熊去氧胆酸。尽管如此,一些患者多年来仍使用UDCA,并表现出症状缓解和/或实验室化验的改善,而并无明显不良反应,因此这些患者并不愿中断UDCA治疗。这些患者和他们的供应商可能希望继续使用该治疗。除此之外,有一些证据表明,低剂量的UDCA可降低合并IBD的PSC患者结直肠癌的风险。[76]Singh S, Khanna S, Pardi DS, et al. Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid use on the risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:1631-1638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23665966?tool=bestpractice.com
在一系列对免疫抑制剂的研究中发现(包括糖皮质激素,免疫抑制剂他克莫司,环孢素,霉酚酸酯,氨甲喋呤)此类治疗也未能在PSC的治疗表现出任何益处。[77]Michaels A, Levy C. The medical management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Medscape J Med. 2008;10:61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2329756/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18449341?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Giljaca V, Poropat G, Stimac D, et al. Glucocorticosteroids for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD004036.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091555?tool=bestpractice.com疗效:有低级别的循证医学证据表明,免疫抑制剂治疗PSC是无效的。[77]Michaels A, Levy C. The medical management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Medscape J Med. 2008;10:61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2329756/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18449341?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。因此,不推荐使用免疫抑制剂,除非合并自身免疫性肝炎以及与 IgG4 相关的硬化性胆管炎。[27]Björnsson E, Chari S, Silveira M, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with elevated immunoglobulin G4: clinical characteristics and response to therapy. Am J Ther. 2011;18:198-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228674?tool=bestpractice.com