伴随胆管的慢性炎症过程导致进展性肝纤维化,大多数患者最终会发生肝硬化和终末期肝病。
自然病程
生存率明显小于年龄和性别匹配的对照人群。[5]Bambha K, Kim WR, Talwalkar J, et al. Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a United States community. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1364-1369.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14598252?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Feldstein AE, Perrault J, El-Youssif M, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis in children: a long-term follow-up study. Hepatology. 2003;38:210-217.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12830004?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Wiesner RH, Grambsch PM, Dickson ER, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: natural history, prognostic factors and survival analysis. Hepatology. 1989;10:430-436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2777204?tool=bestpractice.com寿命的缩短主要是由于肝衰竭和肝胆系统恶性肿瘤的发生(特别是胆管癌)。从诊断到死亡或肝移植的中位生存期为7至14年。[4]Kingham JG, Kochar N, Gravenor MB. Incidence, clinical patterns and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in South Wales, United Kingdom. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1929-1930.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188211?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Tischendorf JJ, Hecker H, Kruger M, et al. Characterization, outcome, and prognosis in 273 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a single center study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:107-114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17037993?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Broome U, Olsson R, Loof L, et al. Natural history and prognostic factors in 305 Swedish patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 1996;38:610-615.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1383124/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8707097?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Wiesner RH, Grambsch PM, Dickson ER, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: natural history, prognostic factors and survival analysis. Hepatology. 1989;10:430-436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2777204?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Claessen MM, Vleggaar FP, Tytgat KM, et al. High lifetime risk of cancer in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2009;50:158-164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19012991?tool=bestpractice.com然而,一个人群研究(不限于移植中心)显示了一个超过21年总生存期。[80]Boonstra K, Weersma RK, van Erpecum KJ, et al. Population-based epidemiology, malignancy risk and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2013;58:2045-2055.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775876?tool=bestpractice.com然而,在个体患者中,实际生存时间是不确定的,取决于诊断时疾病的分期,疾病进展速度,和胆管癌的发展。
诊断时已经有症状的患者一般(较短的预期生存)比无症状的患者预后差。[23]Broome U, Olsson R, Loof L, et al. Natural history and prognostic factors in 305 Swedish patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 1996;38:610-615.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1383124/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8707097?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Wiesner RH, Grambsch PM, Dickson ER, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: natural history, prognostic factors and survival analysis. Hepatology. 1989;10:430-436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2777204?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Claessen MM, Vleggaar FP, Tytgat KM, et al. High lifetime risk of cancer in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2009;50:158-164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19012991?tool=bestpractice.com然而,无症状患者通常在诊断后几年中出现症状。
肝移植可改善进展到晚期肝病的PSC患者的生存率,移植后的10年生存率为70%。13%至35%的PSC患者,最终需要接受肝移植。[4]Kingham JG, Kochar N, Gravenor MB. Incidence, clinical patterns and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in South Wales, United Kingdom. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1929-1930.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188211?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Bambha K, Kim WR, Talwalkar J, et al. Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a United States community. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1364-1369.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14598252?tool=bestpractice.com由于无法识别胆管癌的高危因素,无法早期识别肿瘤标记物,胆管癌诊断时往往已经到了晚期、无法治愈的阶段。此时,由于肿瘤复发和预后不良的风险,常常已经失去肝移植的机会。
炎症性肠病症状的严重程度和PSC病程无相关性。此外,治疗炎症性肠道疾病,包括结肠,并不改变PSC的进展。[81]Cangemi JR, Wiesner RH, Beaver SJ, et al. Effect of proctocolectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis on the natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 1989;96:790-794.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2914641?tool=bestpractice.com
与那些经典的、大胆管的PSC患者相比,小胆管PSC患者往往有更好的预后,发生胆管癌的风险也要小一些。[82]Broome U, Glaumann H, Lindstom E, et al. Natural history and outcome in 32 Swedish patients with small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2002;36:586-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11983440?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Bjornsson E, Olsson R, Bergquist A, et al. The natural history of small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:975-980.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18395078?tool=bestpractice.com然而,小胆管PSC仍是一种进展性疾病,也可导致终末期肝病。随着发病时间的延长小胆管PSC的患者可发展成大胆管PSC。
重叠有自身免疫性肝炎并不会改变PSC的进程。虽然自身免疫性肝炎PSC重叠综合征患者的无移植生存率似乎高于单纯PSC患者,[50]Alvarez F, Berg PA, Bianchi FB, et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1999;31:929-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10580593?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Van Buuren HR, van Hoogstraten HJE, Terkivatan T, et al. High prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2000;33:543-548.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11059858?tool=bestpractice.com但是其生存率比单纯自身免疫性肝炎患者的更低。[85]Gregorio GV, Portmann B, Karani J, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis/sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome in childhood: a 16-year prospective study. Hepatology. 2001;33:544-553.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230733?tool=bestpractice.com皮质类固醇治疗可以显著降低转氨酶水平,[50]Alvarez F, Berg PA, Bianchi FB, et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1999;31:929-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10580593?tool=bestpractice.com但目前还不清楚皮质类固醇能否改变这些患者的 PSC 自然病程。自身免疫性肝炎PSC重叠综合征患者最初往往诊断为单纯性自身免疫性肝炎(基于国际自身免疫性肝炎组织的诊断标准[50]Alvarez F, Berg PA, Bianchi FB, et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1999;31:929-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10580593?tool=bestpractice.com)和对免疫抑制剂耐受。随后的胆管造影(经初步诊断)才表现为典型的PSC影像学特征。[49]Floreani A, Rizzotto ER, Ferrara F, et al. Clinical course and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1516-1522.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984974?tool=bestpractice.com
肝移植术后PSC的复发
约10%至20%肝移植患者的移植肝出现PSC的复发,导致移植失败需要再次移植。[63]Graziadei IW, Wiesner RH, Batts KP, et al. Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1999;29:1050-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10094945?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Gordon F. Recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis: clinical diagnosis and long-term management issues. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:S73-S75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17051565?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Alexander J, Lord JD, Yeh MM, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2008;14:245-251.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18236405?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Campsen J, Zimmerman MA, Trotter JF, et al. Clinically recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation: a time course. Liver Transpl. 2008;14:181-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18236392?tool=bestpractice.com
预后模型
年龄,胆红素和组织学分期是一致认为的生存率的独立预测因素。[79]Wiesner RH, Grambsch PM, Dickson ER, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: natural history, prognostic factors and survival analysis. Hepatology. 1989;10:430-436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2777204?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Farrant JM, Hayllar KM, Wilkinson ML, et al. Natural history and prognostic variables in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 1991;100:1710-1717.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1850376?tool=bestpractice.com基于这些因素的数学模型已经建立起来,可以对特定的人群进行生存率的预测。最近开发的模型,Mayo风险评分,使用了更容易获得的临床和生化信息(年龄,血清胆红素,血清谷丙转氨酶,血清白蛋白,和是否有曲张静脉出血病史),而不需要肝活检。[87]Kim WR, Therneau TM, Wiesner RH, et al. A revised natural history model for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:688-694.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10907383?tool=bestpractice.comMayo Clinic: revised natural history model for primary sclerosing cholangitis
PSC的预后预测模型的主要缺陷是无法预测胆管癌的发生。