这些患者的细胞免疫功能的不足,使他们很容易受到诺卡菌感染。[18]Martínez R, Reyes S, Menendez R. Pulmonary nocardiosis: risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2008;14:219-227.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18427245?tool=bestpractice.com这些感染虽然罕见,但是是肺部感染及实体器官移植接受者[19]Khan BA, Duncan M, Reynolds J, et al. Nocardia infection in lung transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2008;22:562-566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18435787?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Lopez FA, Johnson F, Novosad DM, et al. Successful management of disseminated Nocardia transvalensis infection in a heart transplant recipient after development of sulfonamide resistance: case report and review. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003;22:492-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12681430?tool=bestpractice.com和造血干细胞移植接受者的播散性感染的公认病因。[21]Kakihana K, Ohashi K, Iguchi M, et al. Frequent exacerbation of pulmonary nocardiosis during maintenance antibiotic therapies in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. Int J Hematol. 2007;86:455-458.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18192116?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Hamadani M, Benson DM Jr, Blum W, et al. Pulmonary Nocardia and Aspergillus co-infection in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008;10:24-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17651365?tool=bestpractice.com
实体器官及造血干细胞移植受者诺卡菌感染发生率在0.04%到3.5%之间,这些感染报道多见于心脏、肾脏、肝脏、肺和干细胞移植受者。[7]Husain S, McCurry K, Dauber J, et al. Nocardia infection in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002;21:354-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11897524?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Santos M, Gil-Brusola A, Morales P. Infection by Nocardia in solid organ transplantation: thirty years of experience. Transplant Proc. 2011;43:2141-2144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839216?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Clark NM, Reid GE; AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Nocardia infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(suppl 4):83-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23465002?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Lebeaux D, Morelon E, Suarez F, et al. Nocardiosis in transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33:689-702.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24272063?tool=bestpractice.com
骨髓移植受者诺卡菌病发病率是普通人群的340倍。[10]Filice GA. Nocardiosis in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection, transplant recipients, and large, geographically defined populations. J Lab Clin Med. 2005;145:156-162.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871308?tool=bestpractice.com
器官移植后的第一个月内发生诺卡菌感染是罕见的,但如果正在积极接受免疫抑制治疗时必须考虑。大剂量糖皮质激素的使用,巨细胞病毒感染史,大量钙调磷酸酶抑制剂的使用是器官移植受者诺卡菌感染的独立危险因素。[24]Peleg AY, Husain S, Qureshi ZA, et al. Risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcome of Nocardia infection in organ transplant recipients: a matched case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1307-1314.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/10/1307.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443467?tool=bestpractice.com
器官移植后前6个月采用甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑预防卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎,可降低诺卡菌感染率。[25]Arduino RC, Johnson PC, Miranda AG. Nocardiosis in renal transplant recipients undergoing immunosuppression with cyclosporine. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16:505-512.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8513056?tool=bestpractice.com