肺,播散性及原发皮肤诺卡菌病预后不同。治疗开始后,7~10天后的临床症状改善。广泛诺卡菌感染患者,病变部位不宜手术,或治疗效果缓慢的患者适宜延长治疗时间。对初始治疗无反应与菌株耐药或感染部位抗生素无法渗透有关,常见于中枢神经系统受累患者。[17]Corti ME, Villafane-Fioti MF. Nocardiosis: a review. Int J Infect Dis. 2003;7:243-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14656414?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Lerner PI. Nocardiosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:891-903.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8783685?tool=bestpractice.com 本病有复发倾向,如果抗生素浓度不是最佳,甚至可在维持治疗期间加重。[21]Kakihana K, Ohashi K, Iguchi M, et al. Frequent exacerbation of pulmonary nocardiosis during maintenance antibiotic therapies in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. Int J Hematol. 2007;86:455-458.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18192116?tool=bestpractice.com
死亡率
肺诺卡菌病死亡率14%~40%。[18]Martínez R, Reyes S, Menendez R. Pulmonary nocardiosis: risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2008;14:219-227.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18427245?tool=bestpractice.com播散性诺卡菌病没有中枢神经系统受累的患者死亡率不会显著增加。[18]Martínez R, Reyes S, Menendez R. Pulmonary nocardiosis: risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2008;14:219-227.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18427245?tool=bestpractice.com然而,<40%播散性和神经系统受累患者治愈。免疫功能低下的多发脑脓肿患者死亡率仍然很高。[17]Corti ME, Villafane-Fioti MF. Nocardiosis: a review. Int J Infect Dis. 2003;7:243-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14656414?tool=bestpractice.com虽然大多数皮肤病变和足分支菌病患者治愈,但是有些病例可能需要手术。[74]Devi KR, Singh LR, Devi NT, et al. Subcutaneous nocardial abscess in a post-renal transplant patient. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007;25:279-281.http://www.ijmm.org/article.asp?issn=0255-0857;year=2007;volume=25;issue=3;spage=279;epage=281;aulast=Devihttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901652?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Lichon V, Khachemoune A. Mycetoma: a review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7:315-321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17007542?tool=bestpractice.com几乎所有原发性皮肤病变的患者均已治疗成功。[17]Corti ME, Villafane-Fioti MF. Nocardiosis: a review. Int J Infect Dis. 2003;7:243-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14656414?tool=bestpractice.com