研究表明,大约 50% 的心力衰竭患者为 HFpEF,[7]Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, et al. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:251-259.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052256#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16855265?tool=bestpractice.com但据报道,患病率在 40-71% 之间。[8]Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al; Writing Committee members, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. Circulation. 2013;128:e240-e327.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/16/e240.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23741058?tool=bestpractice.com差异可能归因于样本量、诊断标准、其他共病及患者的人口统计学特点。[9]Hogg K, Swedberg K, McMurray J. Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function; epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:317-327.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/43/3/317http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15013109?tool=bestpractice.com
HFpEF 患者多为具有高血压、糖尿病、心房颤动和冠心病病史的老年女性。[7]Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, et al. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:251-259.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052256#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16855265?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Bhatia RS, Tu JV, Lee DS, et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:260-269.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa051530#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16855266?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Lenzen MJ, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Boersma E, et al. Differences between patients with a preserved and a depressed left ventricular function: a report from the EuroHeart Failure Survey. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1214-1220.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/25/14/1214/509370/Differences-between-patients-with-a-preserved-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15246639?tool=bestpractice.com
此外,贫血、甲状腺功能低下、肾功能受损、慢性肺病和肝脏疾病等非心血管共病在 HFpEF 人群中更为常见。[12]Lam CS, Donal E, Kraigher-Krainer E, et al. Epidemiology and clinical course of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:18-28.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq121/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20685685?tool=bestpractice.com
有人提出,在异质性 HFpEF 人群中,根据表型数据的无偏倚分层聚类分析和引入惩罚项的模型聚类分析,分为三个不同的类别。[13]Shah SJ, Katz DH, Selvaraj S, et al. Phenomapping for novel classification of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2015;131:269-279.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/131/3/269.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25398313?tool=bestpractice.com了解这些表型有助于阐明异质性 HFpEF 人群不同的病理生理学特点,可能证明在临床上有用。
提出的三个表型组包括:
表型组 1:年轻;血压较低;电和心肌重构最少
表型组 2:肥胖、糖尿病、高血压和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患病率最高;空腹血糖较高;左心室舒张性最差(E' 流速较低)
表型组 3:老年;最可能存在 CKD,BNP 和 MAGGIC 风险评分最高;[14]Pocock SJ, Ariti CA, McMurray JJ, et al; Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure. Predicting survival in heart failure: a risk score based on 39 372 patients from 30 studies. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:1404-1413.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/34/19/1404/422939/Predicting-survival-in-heart-failure-a-risk-scorehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23095984?tool=bestpractice.com电和心肌重构更严重。