一级预防措施包括避免暴露在极端寒冷环境中,或者设法保护身体免受冻伤因素影响。暴露于任何潜在寒冷环境时,应穿着足够保暖的衣服。应采取措施保持身体暖和与干燥(包括避免出汗,尤其是避免袜子或靴子内出汗)。虽然连指手套的防寒效果好于分指手套,但佩戴后者的敏捷性更高。选择连指手套还是分指手套取决于对良好敏捷性的要求;更重要的是所选择的防护设备可以持续穿戴。运动可能有助于促进外周血管扩张,但需要谨慎以免疲惫和虚脱。如果可能暴露在极冷的环境,应避免饮酒和吸烟。其他预防措施包括:加热鞋垫和手套;穿着隔热且松软的多层防护服;摄入充足的营养,并确保全身皮肤充分水合;以及避免穿着紧身衣和靴子。有限的证据表明,服用阿司匹林或布洛芬可能有助于预防冻伤。暖脚器和暖手器也有助于防止冻伤。[1]Freer L, Imray C. Frostbite. In: Auerbach PS. Wilderness medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2011:190.[4]Anttonen H. Occupational needs and evaluation methods for cold protective clothing. Arctic Med Res. 1993;52(suppl 9):1-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8048995?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Anttonen H, Virokannas H. Assessment of cold stress in outdoor work. Arctic Med Res. 1994 Jan;53(1):40-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8049001?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Holmer I. Work in the cold: review of methods for assessment of cold exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1993;65(3):147-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8282412?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Rabold MB. Frostbite and other localized cold-related injuries. In: Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS, et al. Tintinalli's emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004.[20]Pinzur MS, Weaver FM. Is urban frostbite a psychiatric disorder? Orthopedics. 1997 Jan;20(1):43-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122052?tool=bestpractice.com