慢性房颤管理中的三个要素为:
治疗的目标是减轻症状、提高生活质量,预防心动过速性心肌病和血栓栓塞事件。 治疗手段包括异常节律和室率的纠正,以及抗凝治疗。 对于尽管用过一种或多种抗心律失常药物,仍有明显的症状的心房颤动患者,可以考虑采用导管和外科消融。 在一些患者中,尤其有明显心房颤动症状的年轻人中,消融治疗可能优于长期的药物治疗。[1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011 Mar 15;123(10):e269-367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does catheter ablation compare with drug treatment for improving outcomes in people with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.540/full显示答案 在一项涉及心房颤动和心力衰竭患者的临床试验中,与药物治疗相比,导管消融术可以使全因死亡或因心力衰竭加重而住院这一复合终点的发生率显著降低。[59]Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb; 378(5):417-27.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1707855?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385358?tool=bestpractice.com
用于指导恰当治疗的临床表现和诊断评估因素包括:
血液动力学不稳定的心房颤动
稳定的慢性心房颤动患者可能会出现急性血流动力学不稳定的表现。 这可能是由于临床情况发生改变(例如心力衰竭加重、心肌缺血、缺氧、代谢异常等)。 伴有快速心室率导致的持续性胸痛、低血压、呼吸短促、头晕或晕厥的心房颤动需要立即进行直流电 (DC) 心脏复律。 复律前要确保充足的短效全身麻醉,并需要通过检测心电图R波确保电击与心脏的固有活性同步(即同步化)。 成功终止急性心房颤动的能量输出在 200 J 到最大 400 J 之间,这取决于身材和是否存在其他共病。 在使用双向波能量时,100J的低能量可作为起始能量。
血流动力学稳定的心房颤动:心率控制与心律控制策略
初始治疗心房颤动应就主要给予室率控制还是节律控制策略做出临床决策。 室率控制策略旨在控制心室率,但不强求恢复或维持窦性节律。 而节律控制策略旨在试图恢复或维持窦性节律。 治疗策略取决于症状的严重程度和持续时间,对每个患者行个体化治疗。[1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011 Mar 15;123(10):e269-367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管多项研究的证据显示心率或节律控制策略的临床结局没有差异,[60]Gillinov AM, Bagiella E, Moskowitz AJ, et al; CTSN. Rate control versus rhythm control for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 19;374(20):1911-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27043047?tool=bestpractice.com meta 分析结果表明,所有年龄的患者采用药物控制室率的治疗策略后,再住院率更低,并支持对更年轻患者采用节律控制。[61]Chatterjee S, Sardar P, Lichstein E, et al. Pharmacologic rate versus rhythm-control strategies in atrial fibrillation: an updated comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013 Jan;36(1):122-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22978656?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Al-Khatib SM, Allen LaPointe NM, Chatterjee R, et al. Rate- and rhythm-control therapies in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jun 3;160(11):760-73.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1877019http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887617?tool=bestpractice.com
室率控制
指南关于室率控制的定义存在差异,就单个患者很难确定。美国心脏协会/美国心脏病学会 (American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology) 指南针对血流动力学稳定患者的心房颤动症状管理,建议采用室率控制(静息心率<80 次/分)。[3]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2;64(21):e1-76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,采用药物强化控制室率可能导致左心室收缩功能明显减弱。一些患者的静息心率很慢,药物治疗可能会造成危害。另外,如果患者没有症状且左心室收缩功能正常,则使用宽松的室率控制策略(静息心率<110 次/分)可能是合理的。出于这些原因,欧洲心脏病学会 (European Society of Cardiology) 指南支持较宽松的室率控制(静息心率<100 次/分)用于目标室率控制治疗。[2]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,一般来说,虽然建议静息心率控制在 60-80 次/分,运动时<115 次/分,[1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011 Mar 15;123(10):e269-367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Prystowsky EN. Assessment of rhythm and rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006 Sep;17 Suppl 2:S7-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16939436?tool=bestpractice.com但仍需采用个体化方案。
在所有需要控制心率的阵发性/持续性心房颤动患者中,应首先使用 β 受体阻滞剂、非二氢吡啶类钙离子通道阻滞剂(例如地尔硫卓、维拉帕米)、地高辛或胺碘酮进行治疗。在选择单药治疗或联合用药方面,医生需要考虑以下情况:是否存在任何共病,有无心力衰竭,以及左心室射血分数如何。左心室功能正常时,首选 β 受体阻滞剂和非二氢吡啶类钙离子通道阻滞剂。不考虑将地高辛作为控制心率的一线药物,但其对心力衰竭的患者有益。一项研究针对地高辛的使用是否与心房颤动患者死亡率升高独立相关这一问题进行了探索。与倾向指数匹配的对照组受试者相比,新近使用地高辛患者的死亡(调整后的风险比 [HR]:1.78;95% CI:1.37-2.31)和猝死(调整后的HR:2.14;95% CI:1.11-4.12)风险显著升高。对于服用地高辛的心房颤动患者,死亡风险与地高辛血药浓度独立相关,并且此风险在血药浓度为 1.2 ng/mL及以上的患者中最高。[64]Lopes RD, Rordorf R, De Ferrari GM, et al. Digoxin and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Mar 13;71(10):1063-74.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718301037?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29519345?tool=bestpractice.com
室率控制策略可能更适合老年患者(70岁以上),这些人群更易发生药物的相互作用和抗心律失常药物的致心律失常作用,如潜在的窦房结功能障碍的恶化。[65]Bressler R, Bahl JJ. Principles of drug therapy for the elderly patient. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Dec;78(12):1564-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14661688?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Opie LH. Adverse cardiovascular drug interactions. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2000 Sep;25(9):621-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11043147?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Roden DM. Antiarrhythmic drugs: from mechanisms to clinical practice. Heart. 2000 Sep;84(3):339-46.http://heart.bmj.com/content/84/3/339.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10956304?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Friedman PL, Stevenson WG. Proarrhythmia. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Oct 16;82(8A):50N-58N.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809901?tool=bestpractice.com 心房颤动在心功能正常的年轻患者中可能导致症状产生,对于这些患者,通过抗心律失常药物和包括肺静脉隔离和基质改良的左心房消融术来恢复和维持窦性节律是适宜的。[62]Al-Khatib SM, Allen LaPointe NM, Chatterjee R, et al. Rate- and rhythm-control therapies in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jun 3;160(11):760-73.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1877019http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887617?tool=bestpractice.com
β 受体阻滞剂、地尔硫卓、维拉帕米和地高辛可以与利尿药和血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE) 抑制剂等通常用于治疗心力衰竭的药物一起使用。应注意,心率过快本身可能导致心力衰竭症状,继续或增加给予 β 受体阻滞剂可能合适,而不是禁用于此类患者,只要相应地调整其他药物(例如利尿药)即可。
节律控制
阵发性或持续性心房颤动患者出现不能耐受的症状时,应开始节律控制策略,应用抗心律失常药物,或同时行左房消融术。
对于有症状的心房颤动患者,如之前尝试 DC 心脏复律失败,抗心律失常药物未能恢复和维持窦性心律,应考虑使用射频导管消融或冷冻导管消融进行肺静脉隔离 (PVI),联合或不联合其他心房基质改良消融策略(例如复杂碎裂心房电位 [CFAE] 消融、局灶源或转子消融)。 [
]What are the effects of ablation for people with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2043/full显示答案 已经证实,射频消融或冷冻消融具有等同的结局。[69]Kuck KH, Brugada J, Furnkranz A, et al; FIRE AND ICE Investigators. Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 9;374(23):2235-45.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1602014#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042964?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Luik A, Radzewtiz A, Kieser M, et al. Cryoballoon versus open irrigated radiofrequency ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the prospective, randomized, controlled, noninferiority FreezeAF Study. Circulation. 2015 Oct 6;132(14):1311-9.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/14/1311.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26283655?tool=bestpractice.com
目前,仅推荐导管消融作为阵发性心房颤动患者的一线治疗。[3]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2;64(21):e1-76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com
具体的治疗方法取决于几个因素。[1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011 Mar 15;123(10):e269-367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com[3]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2;64(21):e1-76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com
没有或有轻微的心脏病或高血压,不伴左心室肥厚 (LVH):决奈达隆、氟卡尼、普罗帕酮或索他洛尔,然后给予胺碘酮、多非利特或导管消融。[1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011 Mar 15;123(10):e269-367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com[3]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2;64(21):e1-76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Marini C, De Santis F, Sacco S, et al. Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: results from a population-based study. Stroke. 2005 Jun;36(6):1115-9.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/36/6/1115.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879330?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Lafuente-Lafuente C, Valembois L, Bergmann JF, et al. Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD005049.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005049.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25820938?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1887/full显示答案尽管像索他洛尔、普罗帕酮和氟卡尼一样,决奈达隆在维持窦性心律方面不如胺碘酮有效,但其副作用更少。[72]Singh BN, Connolly SJ, Crijns HJ, et al. Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med. 22007 Sep 6;357(10):987-99.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa054686#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17804843?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Le Heuzey J, De Ferrari GM, Radzik D, et al. A short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus amiodarone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: the DIONYSOS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010 Jun 1;21(6):597-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384650?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, et al; Dronedarone Study Group. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. 2008 Jun 19;358(25):2678-87. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 010 Sep 30;363(14):1384.]http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0800456#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565860?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJ, van Eickels M, et al. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 12;360(7):668-78.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0803778#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213680?tool=bestpractice.com 对于有阵发性或持续性房颤以及有相关心血管危险因素(即:年龄>70 岁、高血压、糖尿病、既往脑血管意外、左心房直径≥50 mm 或左心室射血分数<40%)的患者(其处于窦性心律或将要进行复律),决奈达隆能降低他们的住院风险。决奈达隆禁用于无法或不会转复心律的患者(即永久性心房颤动),因为一项安全性综述发现在永久性房颤患者中应用决奈达隆将使包括卒中、心衰、死亡在内的严重心血管事件风险加倍。
伴有左心室肥厚的高血压:首选胺碘酮,其次为导管消融术。[1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011 Mar 15;123(10):e269-367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com
冠状动脉病变 (CAD):多非利特、决奈达龙或索他洛尔,然后给予胺碘酮或导管消融。
心力衰竭:胺碘酮、多非利特 (dofetilide) 或导管消融术。[1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011 Mar 15;123(10):e269-367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com[3]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2;64(21):e1-76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb; 378(5):417-27.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1707855?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385358?tool=bestpractice.com 在心力衰竭的情况下,抗心律失常药物的不良反应会增加。出于此目的,决奈达隆禁止用于NYHAIV级心力衰竭和NYHAII到III级心力衰竭并出现近期失代偿需专科医师诊疗的患者。[74]Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, et al; Dronedarone Study Group. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. 2008 Jun 19;358(25):2678-87. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 010 Sep 30;363(14):1384.]http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0800456#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565860?tool=bestpractice.com
抗心律失常药物的不良反应包括,心动过缓或潜在窦房结功能障碍恶化,或房室传导阻滞。 心房颤动抗心律失常药物的使用有产生其他心律失常的风险。
不同的抗心律失常药物有其特定的副作用。例如,Ic 类药物(即普罗帕酮或氟卡尼)可能会使房颤转为心房扑动并伴更快速的心室率。这是因为心房激动周期的减慢造成房室结传导加快。事实上,由于心室肌或束支传导阻滞中的心率依赖性传导变慢,患者可出现类似室性心动过速的宽 QRS 波群心动过速。因此,适合使用 Ic 类抗心律失常药物的患者在开始治疗之前,应始终服用房室结阻滞药物(例如 β 受体阻滞剂、地尔硫卓或维拉帕米)。
Ic 类药物(氟卡尼、普罗帕酮)可导致冠状动脉疾病患者死亡率升高,因此,有冠状动脉疾病和心脏功能障碍的患者禁用 Ic 类药物。因此,适合使用这些抗心律失常药物的患者在开始治疗之前,应始终服用房室结阻滞药物(例如 β 受体阻滞剂、地尔硫卓或维拉帕米)。
多非利特和索他洛尔会引起QT间期延长和尖端扭转型室性心动过速。 这些药物应在医院内密切遥控监测下小心使用,并根据肌酐清除率调整剂量。
使用决奈达隆和胺碘酮对患者进行治疗时监测肝酶是至关重要的。 使用胺碘酮时,至少需对患者进行每6个月的甲状腺功能评估及每年的肺功能检查评估,包括肺氧弥散量。
与心率控制策略相比,恢复窦性节律能够降低左心房血栓形成导致栓塞性卒中的发生率。在心律控制组中,可能无需通过长期抗凝治疗预防卒中。然而,应注意,心律控制并非总是有效。随访发现,患者在临床接受心房颤动消融术和植入型心脏电子装置 (CIED) 后,复发和无症状心房颤动经常发生。即使在电学上恢复了窦性节律,也可能有机械功能不全,并且可能仍旧存在血流瘀滞和其他血栓形成的病因。在决定是否继续抗凝治疗以及选择抗凝治疗类型时,应考虑到治疗的风险和卒中风险。
关注室率控制,即使在窦性节律也是必须的。
抗凝剂或阿司匹林
美国心脏病学会 (ACC)、美国心脏协会 (AHA) 和欧洲心脏协会 (ESC) [1]Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2011 Mar 15;123(10):e269-367.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21382897?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com[3]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2;64(21):e1-76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com 和美国国家房颤登记处 (National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation)[51]Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001 Jun 13;285(22):2864-70.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=193912http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11401607?tool=bestpractice.com 的指南均介绍了依据 CHADS 或 CHA2DS2-VASc 评分确定的危险因素进行抗凝治疗的基本原则。
房颤 CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc 卒中风险评分
心房颤动患者血栓栓塞的危险因素如下。
验证不足或低危险因素
中度危险因素:
年龄≥75岁
高血压
心衰
左室射血分数≤35%
糖尿病。
高度危险因素:
有卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作或栓塞史
二尖瓣狭窄
人工心脏瓣膜。
使用任何抗凝策略都需要权衡出血风险,尤其是颅内出血。[76]Brønnum Nielsen P, Larsen TB, Gorst-Rasmussen A, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage and subsequent ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Chest. 2015 Jun;147(6):1651-1658.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)37222-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25412369?tool=bestpractice.com 在心房颤动高危个体中,预防卒中的常用口服抗凝血药物包括华法林或直接口服抗凝剂 (direct oral anticoagulant, DOAC),例如达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班或依度沙班。以往,在老年患者中,由于使用华法林的出血风险或对出血感到担忧,所以未充分使用该药。[77]Fang MC, Chen J, Rich MW. Atrial fibrillation in the elderly. Am J Med. 2007 Jun;120(6):481-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524745?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Iqbal MB, Taneja AK, Lip GY, et al. Recent developments in atrial fibrillation. BMJ. 2005 Jan 29;330(7485):238-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC546076/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15677659?tool=bestpractice.com
与华法林不同,DOAC 为非维生素 K 依赖性药物,已经在美国和欧洲获得批准,用于非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的卒中预防。在英国,英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 推荐将达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和依度沙班作为预防心房颤动患者发生卒中和全身性栓塞的可能治疗药物。[79]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in people with atrial fibrillation. May 2012 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta256[80]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation. March 2012 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta249[81]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Apixaban for preventing stroke and systemic embolism in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. February 2013 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA275[82]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Edoxaban for preventing stroke and systemic embolism in people with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. September 2015 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta355
达比加群是一种口服直接凝血酶抑制剂,在一项包括 18,113 名患者、中位随访时间为 2 年的 RE-LY 试验中发现,在卒中风险增高的心房颤动患者中,与华法林相比,达比加群疗效更佳。[83]Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al; RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17;361(12):1139-51.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0905561#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717844?tool=bestpractice.com 与华法林相比,低剂量达比加群的疗效非劣于华法林,而较高剂量的达比加群在降低卒中和系统性栓塞发生率方面的疗效更佳(就卒中和系统性栓塞这一主要终点而言,华法林组年发生率为 1.69%,低剂量达比加群组的为 1.53%,而高剂量达比加群组的为 1.11%)。与华法林相比,使用低剂量达比加群时的出血不良事件发生率较低,而在使用高剂量时发生率类似。尽管使用高剂量达比加群时胃肠道大出血的发生率明显较高,但与华法林相比,两种剂量达比加群所致颅内出血的发生率都明显较低。[83]Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al; RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17;361(12):1139-51.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0905561#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717844?tool=bestpractice.com
ROCKET AF 试验(14,264 名患者,中位随访时间 1.9 年)、[84]Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):883-91.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830957?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Wojdyla DM, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin among elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Circulation. 2014 Jul 8;130(2):138-46.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/2/138.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24895454?tool=bestpractice.com ARISTOTLE 试验(18,201 名患者,中位随访时间 1.8 年)[86]Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981-992.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039#t=article 和 ENGAGE AF 试验(21,105 名患者,中位随访时间 2.8 年)在非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中分别比较了利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和依度沙班与华法林预防卒中的效果[87]Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2093-2104.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1310907#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24251359?tool=bestpractice.com 。在 ROCKET AF 试验中,卒中这一主要终点和/或系统性栓塞终点的年发生率在使用利伐沙班时为 1.7%,使用华法林时为 2.2%,而在 ARISTOTLE 试验中,该年发生率在使用阿哌沙班时为 1.27%,使用华法林时为 1.6%,在 ENGAGE AF 试验中,该年发生率在使用低剂量和高剂量依度沙班时为分别 1.61%和 1.18%,使用华法林时为 1.50%。[84]Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):883-91.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830957?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Wojdyla DM, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin among elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Circulation. 2014 Jul 8;130(2):138-46.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/2/138.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24895454?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981-992.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039#t=article[87]Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2093-2104.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1310907#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24251359?tool=bestpractice.com 这些试验加上 Meta 分析的结果显示,在非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中,DOAC 在预防卒中方面不劣于华法林,并且可能降低致命性出血的风险。[88]Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012 Aug 1;110(3):453-60.http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149%2812%2901065-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537354?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Caldeira D, Rodrigues FB, Barra M, et al. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and major bleeding-related fatality in patients with atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2015 Aug;101(15):1204-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26037103?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do factor Xa inhibitors compare with warfarin for prevention of cerebral and systemic embolism in people with atrial fibrillation (AF)?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2101/full显示答案
因此,在心房颤动患者中,可合理地将 DOAC 作为一线抗凝药或华法林的替代药物。DOAC 对老年患者通常更加安全,然而,在老年患者中,相较于华法林,DOAC 可能会增加消化道出血的风险。[90]Sharma M, Cornelius VR, Patel JP, et al. Efficacy and harms of direct oral anticoagulants in the elderly for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2015 Jul 21;132(3):194-204.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/3/194.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25995317?tool=bestpractice.com
此外,DOAC 的药理学特性之间也存在差异。例如,阿哌沙班的肾清除率最低,而达比加群最高。因此,不推荐将达比加群用于肾功能不全患者。另外,不建议在终末期肾病或接受透析的患者使用 DOAC,但可考虑在轻至中度肾功能受损的患者中使用。可在重度肾脏损害患者中使用某些 DOAC(例如阿哌沙班、依度沙班),但需要调整剂量。在非瓣膜性心房颤动合并轻或中度肾脏损害的患者中,发现与使用华法林相比,使用 DOAC 可使卒中或系统性栓塞和大出血的风险下降,提示这些药物在轻至中度肾脏疾病患者中的风险情况令人较为满意。[91]Del-Carpio Munoz F, Gharacholou SM, Munger TM, et al. Meta-analysis of renal function on the safety and efficacy of novel oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2016 Jan 1;117(1):69-75.http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(15)02084-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26698882?tool=bestpractice.com 不应在植入人工机械瓣膜或中度至严重二尖瓣狭窄的患者中使用 DOAC,也不应将 DOAC 与肝素(包括低分子肝素)、肝素衍生物或华法林联合使用。
华法林抗凝治疗的有效性和安全性高度依赖于抗凝治疗控制的质量,控制质量通过在国际标准化比值 (INR) 在 2-3 这一治疗范围内的平均时间 (TTR) 体现。AMe-TT(2)R(2) 评分系统(基于性别、年龄、病史、治疗相互作用、烟草使用和种族)可能有助于发现未接受过抗凝药物治疗且不太可能维持 TTR>70% 的患者,因此可使用直接口服抗凝药替代华法林进行治疗。[92]Gallego P, Roldán V, Marin F, et al. SAMe-TT2R2 score, time in therapeutic range, and outcomes in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2014 Nov;127(11):1083-8.http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343%2814%2900459-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24858062?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Lip GY, Haguenoer K, Saint-Etienne C, et al. Relationship of the SAMe-TT₂R₂ score to poor-quality anticoagulation, stroke, clinically relevant bleeding, and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2014 Sep;146(3):719-726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24722973?tool=bestpractice.com
阿司匹林可用于某些患者(例如不存在血栓栓塞危险因素的患者)。 是否给予长期阿司匹林治疗应个体化处理,并应与患者讨论,因为在 CHADS2 得分为 1 分,或 CHA2DS2-VASc 得分为 0 分(在男性中)或 1 分(在女性中)的患者没有主要共识。[3]January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 2;64(21):e1-76.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1854231http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685669?tool=bestpractice.com[15]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: management. June 2014 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg180/
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所建议不应对心房颤动成年患者开具阿司匹林作为预防卒中的单一药物。被开具抗凝药的心房颤动成年患者应与其医护人员讨论抗凝方案,每年至少一次。[94]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation quality standard. February 2018 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs93
心脏复律
心脏复律适用于症状导致日常生活活动能力下降的心房颤动患者。在血流动力学稳定、左心室功能正常并且没有证据表明存在低钾血症或低镁血症的持续性心房颤动患者中,可以在密切的遥测监护下,可通过静脉使用伊布利特 (ibutilide) 来尝试药物心脏复律。伊布利特在复极的平台期通过增强慢内向钠去极化电流,从而延长心房组织的复极。伊布利特在将急性心房颤动和心房扑动转复为窦性节律方面非常有效;对持续 30 天以上的持续性和慢性心房颤动的转复率接近 48%。[95]Vos MA, Golitsyn SR, Stangl K, et al; Ibutilide/Sotalol Comparator Study Group. Superiority of ibutilide (a new class III agent) over DL-sotalol in converting atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Heart. 1998 Jun;79(6):568-75.http://heart.bmj.com/content/79/6/568.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10078083?tool=bestpractice.com 由于伊布利特的半衰期为3~6小时,建议对采用伊布利特治疗的患者延长观察时间。[96]Oral H, Souza JJ, Michaud GF, et al. Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 17;340(24):1849-54.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199906173402401#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10369847?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Li H, Natale A, Tomassoni G, et al. Usefulness of ibutilide in facilitating successful external cardioversion of refractory atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999 Nov 1;84(9):1096-8, A10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10569674?tool=bestpractice.com 对于需要即刻复律的患者(例如充血性心力衰竭患者),开始静脉抗凝治疗,然后通过经食管超声心动图排除左心耳凝块。[98]Klein AL, Grimm RA, Murray RD, et al. Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 10;344(19):1411-20.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200105103441901#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11346805?tool=bestpractice.com 如果不存在凝块,可以进行药物或直流电心脏复律,联合或不联合抗凝治疗。 如果存在凝块,使用心率控制策略,因为不能立即进行心脏复律。
血流动力学不稳定并且伴有快速心室率导致持续性胸痛、低血压、呼吸短促、头晕或晕厥的心房颤动患者需要立即进行直流电心脏复律。 复律前要确保充足的短效全身麻醉,并需要通过检测心电图R波确保电击与心脏的固有活性同步(即同步化)。 成功终止急性心房颤动的能量输出在 200 J 到最大 400 J 之间,这取决于身材和是否存在其他共病。 在使用双向波能量时,100J的低能量可作为起始能量。 如果心房颤动的持续时间在 48 小时内,则认为直流电心脏复律是安全的,此后使用抗凝治疗时血栓栓塞事件的风险低。 然而,无症状性心房颤动在急性事件发生前很常见,故有时很难确定心房颤动的持续时间。 患者可以用抗心律失常药物或能降低复律阈值(例如:伊布利特或索他洛尔)的药物进行预先治疗。[96]Oral H, Souza JJ, Michaud GF, et al. Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 17;340(24):1849-54.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199906173402401#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10369847?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Li H, Natale A, Tomassoni G, et al. Usefulness of ibutilide in facilitating successful external cardioversion of refractory atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999 Nov 1;84(9):1096-8, A10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10569674?tool=bestpractice.com
导管/外科消融
可使用两种方法进行导管消融:射频消融或冷冻消融;两种方法的结局相似。[69]Kuck KH, Brugada J, Furnkranz A, et al; FIRE AND ICE Investigators. Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 9;374(23):2235-45.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1602014#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042964?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Luik A, Radzewtiz A, Kieser M, et al. Cryoballoon versus open irrigated radiofrequency ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the prospective, randomized, controlled, noninferiority FreezeAF Study. Circulation. 2015 Oct 6;132(14):1311-9.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/14/1311.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26283655?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2018 Jan 1;20(1):e1-e160.https://academic.oup.com/europace/article/20/1/e1/4158475http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29016840?tool=bestpractice.com对于有症状的心房颤动患者,如果之前尝试 DC 心脏复律失败,抗心律失常药物未能恢复和维持窦性心律,应考虑使用射频消融或冷冻消融进行 PVI,联合或不联合其他心房基质改良消融策略(例如,CFAE 消融、局灶源或心脏转子消融)。 [
]What are the effects of ablation for people with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2043/full显示答案仅推荐导管消融作为阵发性或持续性房颤患者的一线治疗。[99]Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2018 Jan 1;20(1):e1-e160.https://academic.oup.com/europace/article/20/1/e1/4158475http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29016840?tool=bestpractice.com 导管消融术已被证明性价比较好。[100]McKenna C, Palmer S, Rodgers M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in the United Kingdom. Heart. 2009 Apr;95(7):542-9.http://heart.bmj.com/content/95/7/542.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095714?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Reynolds MR, Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME, et al. Cost-effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation compared with antiarrhythmic drug therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009 Aug;2(4):362-9.http://circep.ahajournals.org/content/2/4/362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19808491?tool=bestpractice.com 在导管消融时处于心房颤动状态的持续性心房颤动患者应当接受 TOE 检查,筛查是否存在血栓。左心房血栓的存在是心房颤动导管消融术的一个禁忌。对于此类患者,外科手术在肺静脉隔离基础上切除左心耳,以及左房基质改良术可能更适宜。
消融术后应继续进行抗凝治疗至少3至6个月,然后重新评价。 在这个时间点,患者的卒中风险评分可影响关于是否需要继续抗凝治疗的决定。 也可能继续使用降低心率药物和抗心律失常药物,但是取决于不同的患者条件,此决定会因患者不同而不同。 如果患者首次导管消融术失败,二次手术能提高成功率。 一些持续性(与阵发性不同)心房颤动的患者可能需要两次手术才能取得良好的疗效。 外科手术消融术是另一种选择,但也并不是必须要在失败的经皮导管消融术之后进行。
手术消融(开放手术,而不是使用导管技术)最常备用于因其他原因进行手术的患者,例如旁路手术或瓣膜手术(例如二尖瓣手术)。 在进行二尖瓣手术的患者中,30% 至 50% 存在心房颤动,这会导致卒中风险增加。 一项研究发现,在持续性心房颤动患者中,在二尖瓣手术期间进行手术消融,可以在 1 年时预防心房颤动。[102]Gillinov AM, Gelijns AC, Parides MK, et al. Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation during mitral-valve surgery. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 9;372(15):1399-409.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1500528#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853744?tool=bestpractice.com 手术消融也可用于左心房血栓患者,某些不喜欢导管方法的患者也可以选择,在这种情况下,经常使用微创手术方法。[99]Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2018 Jan 1;20(1):e1-e160.https://academic.oup.com/europace/article/20/1/e1/4158475http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29016840?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Phan K, Xie A, La Meir M, et al. Surgical ablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery: a cumulative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2014 May;100(9):722-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650881?tool=bestpractice.com Cox 迷宫手术是传统的手术方法。手术在双侧心房造出多条位置精确的切口,目的在于隔离和终止异常电脉冲路径。Cox 迷宫 IV 型手术使用改良方案。临床治愈:有较低质量的证据表明“切割-缝合”CoxIII型迷宫手术治疗持续性和永久性心房颤动患者的15年成功率为95%(1年成功率为99%)。[104]Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL, Bailey M, et al. The long-term outcome of patients with coronary disease and atrial fibrillation undergoing the Cox maze procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 22003 Dec;126(6):2016-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14688721?tool=bestpractice.com 手术死亡率是2%,且因潜在的窦房结病变,有19%的患者术后需安装起搏器。[104]Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL, Bailey M, et al. The long-term outcome of patients with coronary disease and atrial fibrillation undergoing the Cox maze procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 22003 Dec;126(6):2016-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14688721?tool=bestpractice.com CoxIV型迷宫手术为改良的微创手术,同时行双房射频消融和左心耳缝闭术。 在一个多种类型的心房颤动人群中,CoxIV型迷宫手术1年的成功率为91%。[105]Melby SJ, Kaiser SP, Bailey MS, et al. Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation with bipolar radiofrequency ablation: mid-term results in one hundred consecutive patients. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2006 Dec;47(6):705-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17043619?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 对病变心房采用消融而不是切割的替代方法也已经得到发展(比如,射频、微波、冷冻疗法和超声波)。
与抗心律失常药物相比,将消融治疗作为一线治疗的理由包括随机对照试验结果,例如 RAAFT(射频消融与抗心律失常药物用于心房颤动治疗) II 试验和 MANTRA-PAF(药物抗心律失常治疗或射频消融用于阵发性心房颤动)试验显示,在消除任意心房颤动或有症状的心房颤动,以及改善生活质量方面,消融的效果更好。[106]Morillo CA, Verma A, Connolly SJ, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (RAAFT-2): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2014 Feb 19;311(7):692-700.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1829990http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24549549?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Jons C, Hansen PS, Johannessen A, et al. The Medical ANtiarrhythmic Treatment or Radiofrequency Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (MANTRA-PAF) trial: clinical rationale, study design, and implementation. Europace. 2009 Jul;11(7):917-23.http://europace.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/7/917.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447807?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of ablation for people with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2043/full显示答案根据这些数据,对于某些需要进行心律控制的患者,在尝试抗心律失常药物治疗之前,可以考虑将射频导管消融作为一线治疗。
一项较大型的多中心随机临床试验——导管消融与抗心律失常药物治疗心房颤动的效果比较试验 (CABANA) 已完成,但结果尚未发布。Clinicaltrial.gov: catheter ablation versus anti-arrhythmic drug therapy for atrial fibrillation trial (CABANA)另一项随机试验表明,导管消融术显著改善了主要终点,即全因死亡和因心力衰竭加重而导致意外住院的合并发生率。Clinicaltrial.gov: catheter ablation versus standard conventional treatment in patients with LV dysfunction and AF (CASTLE-AF) 一项针对心力衰竭患者的 CASTLE-AF 试验显示,与药物治疗相比,导管消融术可使任何原因所致死亡或心力衰竭加重导致住院这一复合终点的发生率显著降低(风险比:0.62;95% CI 0.43-0.87;P=0.007)。上述发现提示,对于心房颤动和左心室功能障碍患者,应尽快考虑使用导管消融术。[59]Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb; 378(5):417-27.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1707855?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385358?tool=bestpractice.com