改善病情的抗风湿药 (DMARD)
在临床实践中,轻至中症患者初始治疗常用 DMARD 单药治疗。甲氨蝶呤是最常用的一线 DMARD。另一种常用的一线 DMARD 是来氟米特。羟氯喹被认为比其他 DMARD 疗效更弱。有数据表明,甲氨蝶呤、柳氮磺吡啶和羟氯喹的 DMARD 三联初始治疗的疗效可能比甲氨蝶呤单药初始治疗的疗效更佳,[29]de Jong PH, Hazes JM, Barendregt PJ, et al. Induction therapy with a combination of DMARDs is better than methotrexate monotherapy: first results of the tREACH trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:72-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22679301?tool=bestpractice.com 但是在对使用甲氨蝶呤单药治疗作为开始 RA 治疗的首选药物的现行临床实践做出任何改变之前,需要进行进一步研究。
若患者存在重度疾病(例如胸膜炎、心包炎、炎症性眼病)并伴有不良预后因素(例如 RF 阳性和/或抗-CCP 抗体阳性、就诊时有骨侵蚀的影像学证据等),可能需要制订更为积极的初始治疗方案,甲氨蝶呤加用生物制剂例如 TNF-α 抑制剂或阿巴西普。[30]van Vollenhoven RF, Ernestam S, Geborek P, et al. Addition of infliximab compared with addition of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (Swefot trial): 1-year results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009;374:459-466.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19665644?tool=bestpractice.com 可先试用甲氨蝶呤单药治疗,必要时加用生物制剂。[31]Bijlsma JW, Welsing PM, Woodworth TG, et al. Early rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab, methotrexate, or their combination (U-Act-Early): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, strategy trial. Lancet. 2016;388:343-355.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27287832?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Burmester GR, Kivitz AJ, Kupper H, et al. Efficacy and safety of ascending methotrexate dose in combination with adalimumab: the randomised CONCERTO trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1037-1044.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4431334/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24550168?tool=bestpractice.com 罕见情况下,生物制剂可用于初始单药治疗,然而每个患者在开始用药时必须仔细权衡利弊。
患者通常在 3 个月或更短时间内利用诊断时采用的评分系统进行重新评估。这样可客观记录改善(或未改善)的情况并确定下一步的治疗计划。经过 3 个月的初始 DMARD 治疗后,根据任一疾病活动度综合评估方式评定患者病情均未达到低疾病活动度,则患者可能对三联治疗有反应,但目前尚无标志物提示哪些患者属于这个群体。
证据表明,对于初始治疗无效的患者,在甲氨蝶呤的基础上加用生物制剂是一种有效的治疗选择。[33]van Vollenhoven RF, Geborek P, Forslind K, et al. Conventional combination treatment versus biological treatment in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis: 2 year follow-up of the randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group Swefot trial. Lancet. 2012;379:1712-1720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464340?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Singh JA, Hossain A, Tanjong Ghogomu E, et al. Biologics or tofacitinib for rheumatoid arthritis in incomplete responders to methotrexate or other traditional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD012183.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012183/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27175934?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,有些患者对传统 DMARD 联合治疗反应良好,因此,应基于个体情况来决定首选使用哪种联合治疗方案。[33]van Vollenhoven RF, Geborek P, Forslind K, et al. Conventional combination treatment versus biological treatment in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis: 2 year follow-up of the randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group Swefot trial. Lancet. 2012;379:1712-1720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464340?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Moreland LW, O'Dell JR, Paulus HE, et al. A randomized comparative effectiveness study of oral triple therapy versus etanercept plus methotrexate in early aggressive rheumatoid arthritis: the treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2824-2835.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34498/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22508468?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Scott DL, Ibrahim F, Farewell V, et al. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors versus combination intensive therapy with conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in established rheumatoid arthritis: TACIT non-inferiority randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015;350:h1046.http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h1046.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25769495?tool=bestpractice.com 在 TEAR 头对头研究中,比较了 DMARD 三联与甲氨蝶呤联合依那西普治疗早期侵袭性 RA 和对甲氨蝶呤反应不良的 RA 的疗效。[35]Moreland LW, O'Dell JR, Paulus HE, et al. A randomized comparative effectiveness study of oral triple therapy versus etanercept plus methotrexate in early aggressive rheumatoid arthritis: the treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2824-2835.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34498/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22508468?tool=bestpractice.com 该研究发现,不管是直接进行联合治疗还是甲氨蝶呤单药治疗 24 周时升阶梯至联合治疗的患者,甲氨蝶呤联合依那西普与 DMARD 三联治疗的临床反应无显著差异。然而,接受生物制剂联合治疗的患者影像学结局更好。
如果更传统的 DMARD 联合治疗未能充分控制病情,那么可尝试与一种生物制剂 [TNF-α 抑制剂、阿巴西普 (abatacept)、托珠单抗 (tocilizumab)] 或托法替尼 (tofacitinib) 的联合治疗。[30]van Vollenhoven RF, Ernestam S, Geborek P, et al. Addition of infliximab compared with addition of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (Swefot trial): 1-year results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009;374:459-466.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19665644?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Guyot P, Taylor P, Christensen R, et al. Abatacept with methotrexate versus other biologic agents in treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate: a network meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:R204.http://www.arthritis-research.com/content/13/6/R204http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22151924?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Kremer JM, Cohen S, Wilkinson BE, et al. A phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690,550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:970-981.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.33419/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22006202?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:495-507.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1109071#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22873530?tool=bestpractice.com[40]van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:508-519.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112072#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22873531?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with rheumatoid arthritis, how does abatacept affect outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.189/full显示答案 在高疾病活动度的患者中,甲氨蝶呤联合 TNF-α 抑制剂治疗比单用甲氨蝶呤或单用 TNF-α 抑制剂治疗疗效更佳。[30]van Vollenhoven RF, Ernestam S, Geborek P, et al. Addition of infliximab compared with addition of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (Swefot trial): 1-year results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009;374:459-466.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19665644?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, et al. The PREMIER study: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:26-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16385520?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Smolen JS, Van Der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, et al. Predictors of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with high-dose methotrexate with or without concomitant infliximab: results from the ASPIRE trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:702-710.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16508926?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Klareskog L, van der Heijde D, de Jager JP, et al; TEMPO (Trial of Etanercept and Methotrexate with Radiographic Patient Outcomes) study investigators. Therapeutic effect of the combination of etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:675-681.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001324?tool=bestpractice.com 对初始 TNF-α 抑制剂反应不良的患者是否应尝试另一种 TNF-α 抑制剂尚无定论。[44]Carmona L, Ortiz A, Abad MA. How good is to switch between biologics? A systematic review of the literature. Acta Reumatol Port. 2007;32:113-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17572650?tool=bestpractice.com
生物制剂依那西普、阿达木单抗、英夫利昔单抗、阿巴西普、托珠单抗和利妥昔单抗作为 RA 的一线治疗药物具有相似的疗效数据。[45]Gibofsky A, Yazici Y. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: strategies for achieving optimal outcomes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:941-942.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498219?tool=bestpractice.com
用于 RA 治疗的 TNF-α 抑制剂包括依那西普、英夫利昔单抗、阿达木单抗、赛妥珠单抗和戈利木单抗。[46]Smolen JS, Landewé R, Bijlsma J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:960-977.http://ard.bmj.com/content/76/6/960.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28264816?tool=bestpractice.com 在安慰剂对照试验中,上述 TNF-α 抑制剂均被证实有效。[47]Schmitz S, Adams R, Walsh CD, et al. A mixed treatment comparison of the efficacy of anti-TNF agents in rheumatoid arthritis for methotrexate non-responders demonstrates differences between treatments: a Bayesian approach. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:225-230.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960560?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with rheumatoid arthritis, how does golimumab affect outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.204/full显示答案 [
]Does evidence from randomized controlled trials support the use of certolizumab (CDP870) for adults with rheumatoid arthritis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1913/full显示答案依那西普是一种能与 TNF-α 结合的可溶性 TNF 受体融合蛋白;英夫利昔单抗、阿达木单抗和戈利木单抗是 TNF-α 的单克隆抗体。阿达木单抗和戈利木单抗为完全人源化抗体,而英夫利昔单抗为嵌合抗体。赛妥珠单抗是一种与 TNF-α 结合的重组人源化抗体 Fab 片段。TNF-α 抑制剂已被证实可增加结核和其他机会性感染风险、可能会增加淋巴瘤风险,罕见情况下可能引起脱髓鞘疾病。一项评估 RA 患者使用 TNF-α 抑制剂的临床试验 meta 分析显示,与安慰剂或传统 DMARD 相比,使用阿达木单抗、赛妥珠单抗和英夫利昔单抗可导致严重感染和治疗中断的风险增加。[48]Michaud TL, Rho YH, Shamliyan T, et al. The comparative safety of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis update of 44 trials. Am J Med. 2014;127:1208-1232.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24950486?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs compare in terms of adverse events?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1410/full显示答案 [
]Does evidence from randomized controlled trials support the use of certolizumab (CDP870) for adults with rheumatoid arthritis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1913/full显示答案但是,没有明确数据表明 TNF-α 抑制剂是否会使恶性肿瘤的风险增加。与此相反,另一项 meta 分析研究显示,对于先前未接受 DMARD 和/或甲氨蝶呤治疗的早期 RA 患者,严重感染和恶性疾病的风险并未增加。[49]Thompson AE, Rieder SW, Pope JE. Tumor necrosis factor therapy and the risk of serious infection and malignancy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:1479-1485.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30310/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21360522?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Mercer LK, Lunt M, Low AL, et al. Risk of solid cancer in patients exposed to anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1087-1093.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4431340/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24685910?tool=bestpractice.com 在确定病情控制后,可通过使用个体化剂量减少/撤药策略来最大程度减少与 TNF-α 抑制剂相关的潜在不良反应。
阿巴西普是一种 T 细胞调节剂,与 TNF-α 抑制剂有相似的安全性和疗效,也可用于甲氨蝶呤疗效不佳的患者。[51]Westhovens R, Robles M, Ximenes AC, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of abatacept in methotrexate-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and poor prognostic factors. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1870-1877.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124524?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Weinblatt ME, Schiff M, Valente R, et al. Head-to-head comparison of subcutaneous abatacept versus adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a phase IIIb, multinational, prospective, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:28-38.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.37711/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23169319?tool=bestpractice.com 在两种生物制剂的首次头对头比较研究中,对于初次使用生物制剂且甲氨蝶呤疗效不佳的活动性 RA 患者,在甲氨蝶呤基础上(常见于临床实践),皮下给予阿巴西普或阿达木单抗具有相似的疗效、安全性和起效时间。[52]Weinblatt ME, Schiff M, Valente R, et al. Head-to-head comparison of subcutaneous abatacept versus adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a phase IIIb, multinational, prospective, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:28-38.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.37711/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23169319?tool=bestpractice.com 在早期 RA 患者中,使用阿巴西普联合甲氨蝶呤也可能有效。一项试验显示,在早期 RA 患者中,与甲氨蝶呤单药治疗相比,阿巴西普加甲氨蝶呤联合治疗可提供更有效的疾病控制。[53]Emery P, Burmester GR, Bykerk VP, et al. Evaluating drug-free remission with abatacept in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the phase 3b, multicentre, randomised, active-controlled AVERT study of 24 months, with a 12-month, double-blind treatment period. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:19-26.http://ard.bmj.com/content/74/1/19.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25367713?tool=bestpractice.com 越来越多的证据也证实,减少阿巴西普剂量或完全撤用药物之后患者实现了持续缓解。[53]Emery P, Burmester GR, Bykerk VP, et al. Evaluating drug-free remission with abatacept in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the phase 3b, multicentre, randomised, active-controlled AVERT study of 24 months, with a 12-month, double-blind treatment period. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:19-26.http://ard.bmj.com/content/74/1/19.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25367713?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Westhovens R, Robles M, Ximenes AC, et al. Maintenance of remission following 2 years of standard treatment then dose reduction with abatacept in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and poor prognosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:564-568.http://ard.bmj.com/content/74/3/564.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25550337?tool=bestpractice.com
托法替尼是一种新型口服 Janus 激酶 (JAK) 抑制剂和免疫调节剂,在某些国家中批准用于甲氨蝶呤疗效不佳的 RA 患者。[38]Kremer JM, Cohen S, Wilkinson BE, et al. A phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690,550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:970-981.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.33419/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22006202?tool=bestpractice.com[40]van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:508-519.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112072#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22873531?tool=bestpractice.com 越来越多的证据也支持其作为单药治疗 RA。[39]Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:495-507.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1109071#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22873530?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Lee EB, Fleischmann R, Hall S, et al; ORAL Start Investigators. Tofacitinib versus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2377-2386.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1310476#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24941177?tool=bestpractice.com
利妥昔单抗(一种 B 细胞调节剂)和托珠单抗(第一个白介素 6 抑制剂 [IL-6])也被批准用于 RA 治疗。对于对不同 DMARD 的联合治疗或一种 DMARD 与一种 TNF-α 抑制剂、阿巴西普或托法替尼的联合治疗无改善的患者,可考虑使用一种 DMARD 与利妥昔单抗或托珠单抗的联合治疗。[56]Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, et al. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1390-1400.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.21778/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649186?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Fleischmann R, Cutolo M, Genovese MC, et al. Phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690,550) or adalimumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:617-629.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952978?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Yazici Y, Curtis JR, Ince A, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis and a previous inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the ROSE study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:198-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949007?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Kremer JM, Blanco R, Brzosko M, et al. Tocilizumab inhibits structural joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate responses to methotrexate: results from the double-blind treatment phase of a randomized placebo-controlled trial of tocilizumab safety and prevention of structural joint damage at one year. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:609-621.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.30158/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21360490?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Tak PP, Rigby WF, Rubbert-Roth A, et al. Inhibition of joint damage and improved clinical outcomes with rituximab plus methotrexate in early active rheumatoid arthritis: the IMAGE trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:39-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937671?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with rheumatoid arthritis, what are the benefits and harms of two 1000 mg intravenous courses of rituximab?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.692/full显示答案 有数据表明,对于某些甲氨蝶呤反应不佳的患者,转换为托珠单抗单药治疗可能与托珠单抗联合甲氨蝶呤治疗疗效相当。[61]Dougados M, Kissel K, Sheeran T, et al. Adding tocilizumab or switching to tocilizumab monotherapy in methotrexate inadequate responders: 24-week symptomatic and structural results of a 2-year randomised controlled strategy trial in rheumatoid arthritis (ACT-RAY). Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:43-50.http://ard.bmj.com/content/72/1/43.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22562983?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,关于甲氨蝶呤初治的 RA 患者需要更多的长期数据和研究来证实这些发现。
对 RA 患者依据疾病活动度指导生物制剂减量/撤用的效果不劣于存在严重发作的患者不减量的策略。[62]van Herwaarden N, van der Maas A, Minten MJ, et al. Disease activity guided dose reduction and withdrawal of adalimumab or etanercept compared with usual care in rheumatoid arthritis: open label, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. BMJ. 2015;350:h1389.http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h1389.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25858265?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Fautrel B, Pham T, Alfaiate T, et al. Step-down strategy of spacing TNF-blocker injections for established rheumatoid arthritis in remission: results of the multicentre non-inferiority randomised open-label controlled trial (STRASS: Spacing of TNF-blocker injections in Rheumatoid ArthritiS Study). Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:59-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26103979?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Kuijper TM, Lamers-Karnebeek FB, Jacobs JW, et al. Flare rate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in low disease activity or remission when tapering or stopping synthetic or biologic DMARD: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:2012-2022.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26428204?tool=bestpractice.com[65]van Vollenhoven RF, Østergaard M, Leirisalo-Repo M, et al. Full dose, reduced dose or discontinuation of etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:52-58.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717401/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25873634?tool=bestpractice.com
美国风湿病学会 (ACR) 2015 年更新的指南继续推荐将监测疾病活动度作为 RA 管理必不可少的一部分,并建议对于甲氨蝶呤疗效不佳的患者,使用 TNF-α抑制剂、阿巴西普和利妥昔单抗作为一线生物制剂。[66]Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1-26.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.39480/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26545940?tool=bestpractice.com
开始 DMARD 治疗或生物制剂治疗前,需要检查乙型肝炎及丙型肝炎、纯化蛋白衍生物 (PPD)、全血细胞计数和肝功能检查。
皮质类固醇
皮质类固醇通常与一种一线 DMARD 联用,尤其是对于早期 RA 患者和出现疾病发作的患者。[67]ter Wee MM, den Uyl D, Boers M, et al. Intensive combination treatment regimens, including prednisolone, are effective in treating patients with early rheumatoid arthritis regardless of additional etanercept: 1-year results of the COBRA-light open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1233-1240.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24818633?tool=bestpractice.com 除了比甲氨蝶呤及多数 DMARD 起效快之外,皮质类固醇还具有改善病情的作用,因此有助于疾病的整体控制。[22]Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, et al. Comparison of treatment strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:406-415.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17371885?tool=bestpractice.com[68]van Everdingen AA, Jacobs JW, Siewertsz Van Reesema DR, et al. Low-dose prednisone therapy for patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis: clinical efficacy, disease-modifying properties, and side effects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:1-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11777359?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Pincus T, Huizinga TW, Yazici Y. N-of-1 trial of low-dose methotrexate and/or prednisolone in lieu of anti-CCP, MRI, or ultrasound, as first option in suspected rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol. 2007;34:250-252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17304647?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Pincus T, Sokka T, Stein CM. Are long-term very low doses of prednisone for patients with rheumatoid arthritis as helpful as high doses are harmful? Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:76-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11777366?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Hetland ML, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, et al. Combination treatment with methotrexate, cyclosporine, and intraarticular betamethasone compared with methotrexate and intraarticular betamethasone in early active rheumatoid arthritis: an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1401-1409.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.21796/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645967?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Bakker MF, Jacobs JW, Welsing PM, et al. Low-dose prednisone inclusion in a methotrexate-based, tight control strategy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:329-339.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1090695http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393128?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Safy M, Jacobs J, IJff ND, et al. Long-term outcome is better when a methotrexate-based treatment strategy is combined with 10 mg prednisone daily: follow-up after the second Computer-Assisted Management in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1432-1435.http://ard.bmj.com/content/76/8/1432.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450312?tool=bestpractice.com 如果每日服用皮质类固醇,则推荐补充钙和维生素 D,并推荐每年进行 1-2 次骨密度评估。常用的治疗方案为每日口服低剂量泼尼松龙,每日剂量很少需要>10 mg。然而,有证据显示,与甲氨蝶呤联合用于具有预后不良标志物的早期 RA 患者时,高或中剂量泼尼松龙并逐渐减少至低剂量可有效诱导疾病缓解。[74]Verschueren P, De Cock D, Corluy L, et al. Methotrexate in combination with other DMARDs is not superior to methotrexate alone for remission induction with moderate-to-high-dose glucocorticoid bridging in early rheumatoid arthritis after 16 weeks of treatment: the CareRA trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:27-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359382?tool=bestpractice.com 高剂量皮质类固醇可用于有严重关节外受累(例如血管炎或眼部受累)的患者。一项随机、安慰剂对照研究表明,低剂量口服泼尼松龙的缓释剂型作为 DMARD 辅助用药可快速改善 RA 症状和体征,因此,该种药物(如果可用)对 RA 治疗可能有一定作用。[75]Buttgereit F, Mehta D, Kirwan J, et al. Low-dose prednisone chronotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial (CAPRA-2). Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:204-210.http://ard.bmj.com/content/72/2/204.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22562974?tool=bestpractice.com
除 DMARD 治疗之外,根据需要也可肌内注射皮质类固醇,尤其对在等待 DMARD 起作用之前但又期望快速缓解的早期 RA 患者适用。
关节腔内注射皮质类固醇联合非甾体抗炎药 (NSAIDs) 用于急性发作时控制单一关节炎症。