中央气道阻塞(CAO)的实际发病率和患病率尚不清楚。[1]Ernst A, Feller-Kopman D, Becker HD, et al. Central airway obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:1278-1297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15187010?tool=bestpractice.com如果建立治疗恶性和非恶性气管支气管阻塞的亚科,根据目前流行病学肺癌的发病率提示恶性气道阻塞可能更常见。[20]Seijo LM, Sterman DH. Interventional pulmonology. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:740-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11236779?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,肺癌仍居引起男性和女性癌症死亡的第一位病因。[21]Lee P, Kupeli E, Mehta AC. Therapeutic bronchoscopy in lung cancer: laser therapy, electrocautery, brachytherapy, stents, and photodynamic therapy. Clin Chest Med. 2002;23:241-256.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11901914?tool=bestpractice.com在2010年,大约新发肺癌222 520例,肺癌导致死亡157 300例。[21]Lee P, Kupeli E, Mehta AC. Therapeutic bronchoscopy in lung cancer: laser therapy, electrocautery, brachytherapy, stents, and photodynamic therapy. Clin Chest Med. 2002;23:241-256.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11901914?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Etzel CJ, Bach PB. Estimating individual risk for lung cancer. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32:3-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500119?tool=bestpractice.com癌症死亡病因中,29%男性因肺癌死亡,26%女性死于肺癌。[22]Etzel CJ, Bach PB. Estimating individual risk for lung cancer. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32:3-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500119?tool=bestpractice.com虽然,因为吸烟的减少,男性肺癌的发病率下降,但是女性发病率没有同样下降。[23]Alberg AJ, Ford JG, Samet JM. Epidemiology of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132(suppl 3):29S-55S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17873159?tool=bestpractice.com全球每年因肺癌致死超过一百万人。[24]Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74-108.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/canjclin.55.2.74/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15761078?tool=bestpractice.com大约20%-30%肺癌患者逐渐出现气道阻塞相关的症状和并发症(肺不张,阻塞性肺炎,呼吸困难),40%死亡归咎于局部病变的进展。[1]Ernst A, Feller-Kopman D, Becker HD, et al. Central airway obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:1278-1297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15187010?tool=bestpractice.com根据目前肺癌的流行病学资料,由于肺癌患者数量的增加,支气管内病变相关的并发症导致恶性CAO的发病率将会增加。[1]Ernst A, Feller-Kopman D, Becker HD, et al. Central airway obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:1278-1297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15187010?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,每年治疗大约80 000例恶性气道阻塞。[25]Michaud G. Malignant central airway obstruction. In: Ernst A, Herth F, eds. Principles and practice of interventional pulmonology. New York, NY: Springer; 2013:259-268.
良性气道狭窄的流行病学数据也很少。非恶性气管支气管阻塞的流行病学数据主要与其病因相关。如同恶性气气道阻塞,非恶性气管支气管阻塞的发病率可能也在增加,可能与使用人工气道的增加(例如气管插管,气管切开套管和气管支气管支架)和与之相应的医源性并发症相关。[1]Ernst A, Feller-Kopman D, Becker HD, et al. Central airway obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:1278-1297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15187010?tool=bestpractice.com