早期识别急性哮喘发作对于哮喘的有效管理是非常重要的。 最初的治疗方法包括:纠正低氧,逆转或者防止气流受阻。 获得相关的病史,体格检查,有利于建立诊断和评估发作的严重程度。 治疗反应好的特征为喘息及呼吸急促缓解,喘息和呼吸急促持续存在则表明治疗反应欠佳。
在急性发作开始的时候是不推荐增加吸入糖皮质激素剂量的,因为增加吸入剂量无效,效果不如全身应用激素。[41]Garrett J, Williams S, Wong C, et al. Treatment of acute asthmatic exacerbations with an increased dose of inhaled steroid. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79:12-17.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1717626/pdf/v079p00012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9771245?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,现在还没有证据支持增加吸入用皮质类固醇的维持量降低住院率:有高质量的证据表明严重发作时大剂量吸入糖皮质激素在减少住院方面不如口服糖皮质激素。[42]Hendeles L, Sherman J. Are inhaled corticosteroids effective for acute exacerbations of asthma in children? J Pediatr. 2003;142(2 suppl):S26-S32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12584517?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 或者应用大量的吸入用皮质类固醇。降低急性发作的治疗失败:没有充分的儿科数据证实急性发作时提高吸入糖皮质激素剂量优于维持剂量。[43]Kew KM, Quinn M, Quon BS, et al. Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD007524.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007524.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27272563?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 对于每日吸入皮质类固醇使哮喘控制良好的儿童,已经提出将低剂量吸入用皮质类固醇与短效的 β2 受体激动剂联用(正如加重时需使用的那样)作为其降级治疗的概念。[44]Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324520?tool=bestpractice.com 这为β{0}2受体激动剂单独使用提供了其他的选择,但在推荐被采用之前,可能还需进一步的研究。 这是一个很有吸引力的研究,但是没有症状并不等同于疾病不存在。[45]Ducharme FM. Continuous versus intermittent inhaled corticosteroids for mild persistent asthma in children: not too much, not too little. Thorax. 2012;67:102-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998124?tool=bestpractice.com
口服皮质类固醇仍然是管理的一个重要方面,但目前尚不清楚最佳剂量和持续时间。[46]Normansell R, Kew KM, Mansour G. Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD011801.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011801.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176676?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,各国际指南在这方面的建议有所不同。在儿童中开展的一项随机对照试验显示,在降低无需住院治疗的轻度哮喘加重儿童的 2 周并发症发病率方面,与 3 天口服皮质类固醇治疗相比,5 天口服皮质类固醇治疗并没有额外的益处。[47]Chang AB, Clark R, Sloots TP, et al. A 5- versus 3-day course of oral corticosteroids for children with asthma exacerbations who are not hospitalised: a randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust. 2008;189:306-310.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803532?tool=bestpractice.com
在病情发作期间应该避免胸部理疗,因为这将导致临床的急剧恶化。[48]Echeverria Zudaire L, Tomico Del Rio M, Bracamonte Bermejo T, et al. Status asthmaticus: is respiratory physiotherapy necessary? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2000;28:290-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11270092?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,对于分泌亢进的哮喘患者来讲,在恢复阶段的理疗是有益的。[49]Asher MI, Douglas C, Airy M, et al. Effects of chest physical therapy on lung function in children recovering from acute severe asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1990;9:146-151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2277735?tool=bestpractice.com
对于婴儿和学龄前儿童很难作出哮喘的诊断,因为可能重叠有其他的喘息表型,例如反复病毒感染所致喘息。有很多研究都在调查口服和吸入用皮质类固醇对反复病毒感染所致喘息的作用。减少需要口服糖皮质激素治疗的疗程:有中等质量的儿童研究的证据表明在学龄前儿童病毒诱发的哮喘发作中,吸入高剂量的糖皮质激素与空白对照相比可减少口服糖皮质激素的应用疗程。 然而,生长上的不利影响远远超越了激素治疗带来的好处。[50]Ducharme FM, Lemire C, Noya FJ, et al. Preemptive use of high-dose fluticasone for virus-induced wheezing in young children. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:339-353.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0808907#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19164187?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 然而,以上方法更侧重于治疗已经确诊的儿童哮喘。
轻度发作
美国国家心肺和血液研究所 (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NHLBI) 指南对轻度加重的定义如下:患者清醒,只表现为劳力性呼吸困难,说话成句,呼吸频率增快,无辅助呼吸肌参与呼吸。喘息为中度,且经常仅出现在呼气末。在空气环境下呼吸时动脉血氧饱和度 (SaO2)>95%,峰值呼气流速(PEFR;或第一秒用力呼气容积 [FEV1])为预测值或个人最佳值的 70% 或更多。[33]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. August 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 21 July 2017).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf 国际指南(例如全球哮喘防治创议 (GINA) 指南、英国胸科协会和苏格兰校际指南网络 (BTS/SIGN) 指南)使用不同的标准来定义加重的严重程度。[29]British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 153: British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. September 2016 [internet publication].http://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-153-british-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma.html[35]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
轻度加重一般不需要住院治疗。吸入短效 β-2 受体激动剂通常足以逆转气道阻塞;储雾罐
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 儿童演示利用大容量的储雾罐使用定量吸入气雾剂来自 Anne Chang 教授的个人资料 [Citation ends]. 与雾化器一样有效。减少住院和住院时间:有高质量的证据表明轻度和中度发作期,储雾罐和雾化吸入在限制住院率和急诊科治疗时间方面同样有效。[51]Cates CJ, Welsh EJ, Rowe BH. Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9):CD000052.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000052.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24037768?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 患者在治疗后15到20分钟重新评估,如果需要,再次给予进一步的药物治疗;对治疗有反应表现为立即缓解并持续3-4小时。
口服糖皮质激素可能用于预防病情加重。 抗生素治疗通常不是必需的,细菌感染诱发的病例可以使用。
中度发作
NHLBI 指导对中度加重的定义如下:患者清醒,并且呼吸困难可能妨碍或限制日常活动。患者可以用短语而不是句子讲话,呼吸频率加快,心率加快,辅助呼吸肌参与呼吸,胸骨上凹陷。通常伴有高调哮鸣音。在空气环境下呼吸时 SaO2 为 91%-95%,PEFR(或 FEV1)为预测值或个人最佳值的 40%-69%。[33]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. August 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 21 July 2017).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf 国际指南(例如 GINA 指南、BTS/SIGN 指南)使用不同的标准来定义加重的严重程度。[29]British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 153: British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. September 2016 [internet publication].http://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-153-british-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma.html[35]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
常需要住院治疗。 可能需要吸氧维持SaO2。 立即开始吸入短效β2受体激动剂,每15到20分钟评估一次治疗反应;储雾罐
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 儿童演示利用大容量的储雾罐使用定量吸入气雾剂来自 Anne Chang 教授的个人资料 [Citation ends]. 与雾化器在治疗给药方面同样有效。[51]Cates CJ, Welsh EJ, Rowe BH. Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9):CD000052.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000052.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24037768?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of holding chambers (spacers) compared with nebulizers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma in children?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.262/full显示答案 如果治疗反应欠佳,第一小时内可能需要3倍剂量的治疗。
口服皮质类固醇可减轻哮喘急性加重时的气道水肿和分泌物,已被证实能够降低住院率。降低住院率:有高质量的证据表明早期给以口服糖皮质激素,在第一个小时应用,与安慰剂比较降低了儿童的入院率。[32]Rowe BH, Spooner C, Ducharme FM, et al. Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(1):CD002178.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002178/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11279756?tool=bestpractice.com 父母初始给予口服糖皮质激素在非常规的医疗评估中还没有被证明能够改善治疗效果。[52]Vuillermin P, South M, Robertson C. Parent-initiated oral corticosteroid therapy for intermittent wheezing illnesses in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD005311.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005311.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856091?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
初始治疗无效可以添加吸入抗胆碱能类药物。[33]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. August 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 21 July 2017).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf[29]British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 153: British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. September 2016 [internet publication].http://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-153-british-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma.html[35]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/ [
]In children with acute asthma, what are the effects of combined inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta2-agonists as initial treatment?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.268/full显示答案
抗生素治疗通常不是必需的,细菌感染诱发的病例可以使用。
严重或危及生命的发作
NHLBI 指导对重度或危及生命的加重定义如下:患者出现激越或嗜睡,有静息时呼吸困难;婴儿由于呼吸做功增加和精神状态改变出现停止进食。也可能出现发绀。患者只能逐字讲话或者不能讲话。呼吸频率增快,心率增快或减慢(临终前的一种体征)。辅助呼吸肌明显参与呼吸,胸骨上凹陷,可能存在胸腹矛盾运动。通常有高调哮鸣音,也可能没有(沉默肺)。在空气环境下呼吸时 SaO2<90%,PEFR (或 FEV1) 为预测值或个人最佳值的 25%-39%(重度)或低于 25%(危及生命)。[33]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. August 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 21 July 2017).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf 国际指南(例如 GINA 指南、BTS/SIGN 指南)使用不同的标准来定义加重的严重程度。[29]British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 153: British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. September 2016 [internet publication].http://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-153-british-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma.html[35]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
所有患者均应该被收入院治疗。立即开始氧疗、吸入短效 β2 受体激动剂和应用全身皮质类固醇治疗。连续吸入短效 β2 受体激动剂的效果优于间歇吸入。症状改善和降低入院率:有中等质量的证据表明严重发作时持续的短效β-2受体激动剂治疗在减少住院和改善肺功能方面优于间歇应用。[53]Camargo CA Jr, Spooner CH, Rowe BH. Continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD001115.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001115/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14583926?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Papo MC, Frank J, Thompson AE. A prospective, randomized study of continuous versus intermittent nebulized albuterol for severe status asthmaticus in children. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:1479-1486.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8403956?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
一些国际指南针对重度和危及生命的病情加重给出了单独的管理方案。例如,BTS/SIGN 指南建议,对于重度加重,可通过储雾罐或雾化器给予短效 β-2 受体激动剂,而对于危及生命的加重,仅通过雾化器给予短效 β-2 受体激动剂。[29]British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 153: British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. September 2016 [internet publication].http://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-153-british-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma.html 对于危及生命的加重,尚无证据显示储雾罐给药与雾化器给药疗效相当;为了简单起见,本专题建议对重度和危及生命的加重均使用雾化器给药。
频繁地使用 β-2 受体激动剂会导致钾、镁、磷酸盐水平出现一过性降低。对于所有接受 β-2 受体激动剂治疗的儿童,应监测钾浓度,必要时,进行补充。对于不能耐受口服皮质类固醇治疗或依从性差的儿童,肌内注射地塞米松是一种替代选择,已在两项儿科随机对照试验(总人数 n = 292)中证明,肌内注射地塞米松与口服 5 天疗程泼尼松龙(2 mg/kg/天)的效果相当。[28]Sin DD, Sutherland ER. Obesity and the lung: 4. Obesity and asthma. Thorax. 2008;63;1018-1023.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18984817?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Altamimi S, Robertson G, Jastaniah W, et al. Single-dose oral dexamethasone in the emergency management of children with exacerbations of mild to moderate asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006;22:786-793.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17198210?tool=bestpractice.com
在重度哮喘中,吸入性抗胆碱能药物应当与短效β-2 受体激动剂联合给药,[33]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. August 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 21 July 2017).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf[35]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/ [
]In children with acute asthma, what are the effects of combined inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta2-agonists as initial treatment?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.268/full显示答案 并且若治疗反应不充分,可静脉输注硫酸镁 [
]What are the effects of adjunctive intravenous magnesium sulfate for children with acute asthma?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1483/full显示答案 或其他静脉用支气管舒张剂(β-2 受体激动剂 [
]What are the effects of adding intravenous beta-2 agonists to inhaled beta2-agonists in severe acute asthma in children?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.150/full显示答案 或甲基黄嘌呤改善症状和肺功能:有中等质量的证据表明:在严重的和危及生命的哮喘,静脉注射氨茶碱相对于空白对照改善了肺功能和症状。[55]Roberts G, Newsom D, Gomez K, et al. Intravenous salbutamol bolus compared with an aminophylline infusion in children with severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2003;58:306-310.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746646/pdf/v058p00306.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12668792?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Mitra AA, Bassler D, Watts K, et al. Intravenous aminophylline for acute severe asthma in children over two years receiving inhaled bronchodilators. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD001276.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001276.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846615?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Yung M, South M. Randomised controlled trial of aminophylline for severe acute asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79:405-410.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1717748/pdf/v079p00405.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10193252?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Silveira D'Avila R, Piva J, Cauduro Marostica PJ, et al. Early administration of two intravenous bolus of aminophylline added to the standard treatment of children with acute asthma. Respir Med. 2008;102:156-161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17869497?tool=bestpractice.com 这个证据应该谨慎解读,由于荟萃分析深受样本最大的随机对照研究影响,这也是唯一的证明有效的随机对照研究。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。)应予以考虑。一项 Cochrane 评价未能找到任何一致性证据支持采用静脉给予 β-2 受体激动剂或静脉给予氨茶碱治疗急性哮喘患者。[59]Travers AH, Jones AP, Camargo CA Jr, et al. Intravenous beta(2)-agonists versus intravenous aminophylline for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD010256.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010256/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235686?tool=bestpractice.com
有一些证据显示,对于重度哮喘加重患者、就诊时有较重度发作(在空气环境下呼吸时 SaO2<92%)的儿童以及先前症状持续时间短于 6 小时的患者,吸入硫酸镁可能有帮助。[60]Powell C, Kolamunnage-Dona R, Lowe J, et al. Magnesium sulphate in acute severe asthma in children (MAGNETIC): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1:301-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24429155?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Knightly R, Milan SJ, Hughes R, et al. Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 28;11:CD003898.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003898.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29182799?tool=bestpractice.com [
]For people with acute asthma, how does adding inhaled magnesium sulfate to beta-agonists (with or without ipratropium) affect outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1954/full显示答案研究并未发现这一轻微获益具有一致性。[62]Alansari K, Ahmed W, Davidson BL, et al. Nebulized magnesium for moderate and severe pediatric asthma: a randomized trial. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015;50:1191-1199.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ppul.23158/full[61]Knightly R, Milan SJ, Hughes R, et al. Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 28;11:CD003898.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003898.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29182799?tool=bestpractice.com在给出任何确定性建议前,需要进一步研究,但其使用已经开始出现在国际指南中。[29]British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 153: British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. September 2016 [internet publication].http://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-153-british-guideline-on-the-management-of-asthma.html[35]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
尽管大部分严重的哮喘与过敏反应无关,不需要肌肉注射肾上腺素,但如果发现过敏反应的迹象,则应考虑肌注肾上腺素。[33]National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. August 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ (last accessed 21 July 2017).http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf[35]Global Initiative for Asthma. 2018 GINA report: global strategy for asthma management and prevention. March 2018 [internet publication].https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
抗生素治疗通常不是必需的,细菌感染诱发的病例可以使用。
同时需要麻醉或儿科重症监护团队的参与抢救。 如果已经静脉应用支气管扩张剂和硫酸镁患儿仍出现呼吸衰竭的迹象(昏迷、烦躁、呼吸困难、奇脉、发绀、低氧血症或呼吸性酸中毒)可能需插管和机械通气应用100%的氧气。
通气
无创通气在儿童急性哮喘管理方面的作用已经得到评估。[63]Schramm CM, Carroll CL. Advances in treating acute asthma exacerbations in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21:326-332.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19387346?tool=bestpractice.com 在严重急性支气管痉挛的处置上应用正压通气可以有效防止气道塌陷,减少疲劳的呼吸肌的负担。[64]Meduri GU, Cook TR, Turner RE, et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in status asthmaticus. Chest. 1996;110:767-774.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8797425?tool=bestpractice.com 这可以通过非侵入性通气(NIV;或持续正压通气,CPAP,或双水平无创性正压通气),应用鼻塞和呼吸面罩来完成。 为了患者耐受机械通气,镇静有时是必需的,但应该谨慎使用。 适当使用非侵入性通气可能会避免后续侵入性通气的需要。 当必须气管插管时,考虑到潜在的病理生理学变化,通气策略应保证足够的呼气时间,帮助气体交换。 可能需要肌松。
维持治疗
一旦急性发作缓解后,需继续维持治疗,优化预防治疗,这样有利于预防再次发作。 应检查吸入技术,建议患者警惕并避免触发因素和早期识别发作。