在欧美国家,罹患扁桃体癌的年轻患者数量逐渐增多,这与非吸烟以及非饮酒者中的口交性行为有关。[7]Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Anderson WF, et al. Incidence trends for human papillomavirus-related and -unrelated oral squamous cell carcinomas in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:612-619.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/26/4/612http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235120?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Shiboski CH, Schmidt BL, Jordan RC. Tongue and tonsil carcinoma: increasing trends in the U.S. population ages 20-44 year. Cancer. 2005;103:1843-1849.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/110431181/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15772957?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Hammarstedt L, Dahlstrand H, Lindquist D, et al. The incidence of tonsillar cancer in Sweden is increasing. Acta Otolaryngol. 2007;127:988-992.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17712680?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Nasman A, Attner P, Hammarstedt L, et al. Incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) positive tonsillar carcinoma in Stockholm, Sweden: an epidemic viral-induced carcinoma? Int J Cancer. 2009;125:362-366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19330833?tool=bestpractice.com[5]D'Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1944-1956.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/19/1944http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17494927?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Ryerson AB, Peters ES, Coughlin SS, et al. Burden of potentially human papillomavirus-associated cancers of the oropharynx and oral cavity in the US, 1998-2003. Cancer. 2008;113(10 suppl):2901-2909.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18980273?tool=bestpractice.comHPV相关的口咽癌传播迅速,并影响其他民族群体,如黑人和西班牙裔美国人。[6]Ryerson AB, Peters ES, Coughlin SS, et al. Burden of potentially human papillomavirus-associated cancers of the oropharynx and oral cavity in the US, 1998-2003. Cancer. 2008;113(10 suppl):2901-2909.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18980273?tool=bestpractice.com