治疗方案取决于癌症的分期。I期及II期的肿瘤外科手术或放射治疗均可,生存率相似。[37]Roosli C, Tschudi DC, Studer G, et al. Outcome of patients after treatment for a squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Laryngoscope. 2009;119:534-540.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19235752?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Cosmidis A, Rame JP, Dassonville O, et al. T1-T2 N0 oropharyngeal cancers treated with surgery alone: a GETTEC study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;261:276-281.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551793?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Stringer SP, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiotherapy, or both. Cancer. 2002;94:2967-2980.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/93521249/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115386?tool=bestpractice.com美国及加拿大51家学术机构用非随机方法对比了两种治疗方式的死亡率,放射治疗的死亡率较低,因而一般作为治疗首选。[54]Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Stringer SP, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiotherapy, or both. Cancer. 2002;94:2967-2980.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/93521249/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115386?tool=bestpractice.comIII期及IVA期肿瘤应行手术治疗及术后放疗,或同步放化疗,二者预后相当。[55]Soo KC, Tan EH, Wee J, et al. Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison. Br J Cancer. 2005;93:279-286.http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v93/n3/full/6602696a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16012523?tool=bestpractice.com放化疗通常是首选,因为放化疗能够保留解剖器官,并且手术会对发声造成有害影响,[56]Rieger J, Dickson N, Lemire R, et al. Social perception of speech in individuals with oropharyngeal reconstruction. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2006;24:33-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17182476?tool=bestpractice.com还可造成口腔疼痛。[57]Rogers SN, Miller RD, Ali K, et al. Patients' perceived health status following primary surgery for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35:913-919.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008054?tool=bestpractice.com在放射治疗后HPV阳性的患者比老年组患者预后好,因而口咽癌的治疗方法将会改变,[58]Nichols AC, Faquin WC, Westra WH, et al. HPV-16 infection predicts treatment outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:228-234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19201294?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Lassen P, Eriksen JG, Hamilton-Dutoit S, et al. Effect of HPV-associated p16INK4A expression on response to radiotherapy and survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1992-1998.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289615?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Fakhry C, Westra W, Li S, et al. Improved survival of patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a prospective clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:261-269.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/100/4/261http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270337?tool=bestpractice.com对于不能行手术和化疗的多共病的患者,可获益于西妥昔单抗及放疗。[61]Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:567-578.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa053422#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467544?tool=bestpractice.comIVB期肿瘤不能手术切除,治疗包括放化疗。[62]Yousem DM, Gad K, Tufano RP. Resectability issues with head and neck cancer. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:2024-2036.http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/27/10/2024http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110661?tool=bestpractice.comIVC期肿瘤可行放疗来姑息性缓解症状,西妥昔单抗联合化疗可提高生存率。[63]Vermorken JB, Mesia R, Rivera F, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1126-1127.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/11/1116http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784101?tool=bestpractice.com患者应该由多学科团队管理从而达到理想的预后。[22]Nguyen NP, Vos P, Lee H, et al. Impact of tumor board recommendations on treatment outcome for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Oncology. 2008;75:186-191.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18841033?tool=bestpractice.com由于放疗后黏膜炎或手术后吞咽困难,治疗前应检查血常规,生化检查,白蛋白和前白蛋白,评估患者的营养状况。
早期口咽癌(I期和II期)
手术及放疗均可。虽然没有随机对照研究来比较这2种方式,但有回顾性研究报道了相似的局部控制率和生存率达80%到90%。[37]Roosli C, Tschudi DC, Studer G, et al. Outcome of patients after treatment for a squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Laryngoscope. 2009;119:534-540.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19235752?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Cosmidis A, Rame JP, Dassonville O, et al. T1-T2 N0 oropharyngeal cancers treated with surgery alone: a GETTEC study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;261:276-281.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551793?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Stringer SP, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiotherapy, or both. Cancer. 2002;94:2967-2980.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/93521249/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115386?tool=bestpractice.com在北美洲的51个学术机构发表了一篇文献综述,回顾了手术和放射治疗的结果,综述报告手术的致命并发症为3.2%至3.5%,而放疗为0.2%至0.4%。[54]Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Stringer SP, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiotherapy, or both. Cancer. 2002;94:2967-2980.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/93521249/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115386?tool=bestpractice.com非致命严重并发症的的发病率,手术为23%-32%,而放疗为3.8%-6%。
由于在说话及吞咽时皮瓣闭合差,用筋膜游离皮瓣修复软腭缺损的显微外科手术受到影响。[64]McCombe D, Lyons B, Winkler R, et al. Speech and swallowing following radial forearm flap reconstruction of major soft palate defect. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58:306-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780224?tool=bestpractice.com由此产生的语言障碍和吞咽困难与肿瘤的大小及软腭切除体积成正比。[65]Gillespie MB, Eisele DW. The uvulopalatal flap for reconstruction of the soft palate. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:612-615.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764006?tool=bestpractice.com单独行近距离放射(放射性植入)或结合外照射的放疗方法,在治疗软腭癌时功能预后较好。[66]Le Scodan R, Pommier P, Ardiet JM, et al. Exclusive brachytherapy for T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinomas of the velotonsillar area: results in 44 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:441-448.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16168837?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Levendag P, Nijdam W, Noever I, et al. Brachytherapy versus surgery in carcinoma of tonsillar fossa and/or soft palate: late adverse sequelae and performance status: can we be more selective and obtain better tissue sparing? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;59:713-724.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15183475?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Erkal HS, Serin M, Amdur RJ, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of soft palate treated with radiation therapy alone or followed by planned neck dissection. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:359-366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11380222?tool=bestpractice.com
舌根的作用在说话及吞咽时至关重要。部分舌切除后,言语清晰度常会改变。[69]Kazi R, Prasad VM, Kanagalingam J, et al. Analysis of formant frequencies in patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancers treated by glossectomy. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2007;42:521-532.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17729144?tool=bestpractice.com因此,即使手术后局部控制程度与放疗疗效相同,与放射治疗相比,接受手术治疗的舌根癌患者因为说话和吞咽均受影响而导致生活质量更低。[70]Harrison LB, Zelefsky MJ, Armstrong JG, et al. Performance status after treatment for squamous cell cancer of the base of tongue: a comparison of primary radiation therapy versus primary surgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;30:953-957.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7960998?tool=bestpractice.com
扁桃体癌的治疗正在改变,最近研究表明,活检标本HPV阳性患者接受放疗的预后可能更好。[58]Nichols AC, Faquin WC, Westra WH, et al. HPV-16 infection predicts treatment outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:228-234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19201294?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Fakhry C, Westra W, Li S, et al. Improved survival of patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a prospective clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:261-269.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/100/4/261http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270337?tool=bestpractice.com放疗将会成为HPV阳性扁桃体癌的治疗首选。
局部晚期:手术切除(III期及IVA期)
可切除的局部晚期口咽癌患者可以选择手术加术后放疗或无需手术的同步放化疗。一项关于局部晚期的头颈部肿瘤的随机研究显示,以上两项治疗方式在局部控制率和生存率上均相似。[55]Soo KC, Tan EH, Wee J, et al. Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison. Br J Cancer. 2005;93:279-286.http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v93/n3/full/6602696a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16012523?tool=bestpractice.com虽然口咽癌患者的数量少,研究用回顾性分析证实了两种治疗方式的有效性相同。[71]Denittis AS, Machtay M, Rosenthal DI, et al. Advanced oropharyngeal cancer treated with surgery and radiotherapy: oncologic outcome and functional assessment. Am J Otolaryngol. 2001;22:329-335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11562884?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Lim YC, Hong HJ, Baek SJ, et al. Combined surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in Korea: analysis of 110 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;3:1099-1105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18722091?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Nguyen NP, Vos P, Smith HJ, et al. Concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer. Am J Otolaryngol. 2007;28:3-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17162122?tool=bestpractice.com术后放疗的方式在功能上的结局可能属于次优的,因为患者在治疗后言语及恢复正常饮食变得困难。[71]Denittis AS, Machtay M, Rosenthal DI, et al. Advanced oropharyngeal cancer treated with surgery and radiotherapy: oncologic outcome and functional assessment. Am J Otolaryngol. 2001;22:329-335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11562884?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Nguyen NP, Vos P, Smith HJ, et al. Concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer. Am J Otolaryngol. 2007;28:3-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17162122?tool=bestpractice.com同步放化疗的优点是保留了言语功能的解剖结构。基于这些原因,通常选择放化疗。由于远处转移率高(20%-40%),3-5年的生存率范围在50%-60%。[55]Soo KC, Tan EH, Wee J, et al. Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison. Br J Cancer. 2005;93:279-286.http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v93/n3/full/6602696a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16012523?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Denittis AS, Machtay M, Rosenthal DI, et al. Advanced oropharyngeal cancer treated with surgery and radiotherapy: oncologic outcome and functional assessment. Am J Otolaryngol. 2001;22:329-335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11562884?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Lim YC, Hong HJ, Baek SJ, et al. Combined surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in Korea: analysis of 110 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;3:1099-1105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18722091?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Nguyen NP, Vos P, Smith HJ, et al. Concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer. Am J Otolaryngol. 2007;28:3-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17162122?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Adelstein DJ, Saxton JP, Lavertu P, et al. A phase III randomized trial comparing concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in resectable stage III and IV squamous cell head and neck cancer: preliminary results. Head Neck. 1997;19:567-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323144?tool=bestpractice.com最近的一项荟萃分析报道了在所有头颈部位肿瘤中行放疗加化疗效果较好。口咽癌患者的5年生存率提高了8.1%。[75]Blanchard P, Baujat B, Holostenco V, et al. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): a comprehensive analysis by tumour site. Radiother Oncol. 2011;100:33-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684027?tool=bestpractice.com现代放疗技术减少了对正常器官的辐射剂量,应用此技术,联合治疗所增加的毒性将会减少。
用于同步放化疗的化疗方案较多,目前还无法知道哪种更好。根据内科肿瘤医生的偏好,可单独行同步放化疗或在诱导化疗后进行同步放化疗,因为一项 meta 分析证明,诱导化疗不优于同步化疗。[76]Budach V, Stuschke M, Budach W, et al. Hyperfractionated accelerated chemoradiation with concurrent fluorouracil-mitomycin is more effective than dose-escalated hyperfractionated accelerated radiation therapy alone in locally advanced head and neck cancer: final results of the Radiotherapy Cooperative Clinical Trials Group of the German Cancer Society 95-06 Prospective Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1125-1135.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/6/1125http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15718308?tool=bestpractice.com虽然毒性的风险增加,仍有一些医生喜欢三联药物诱导化疗。
局部晚期:无法手术切除(IVB期)
如果可行,不能切除的局部晚期的头颈部肿瘤患者,应予同步放化疗。随机研究和荟萃分析表明,同步放化疗比单纯放疗有更好的生存率和局部控制率。[77]Bensadoun RJ, Benezery K, Dassonville O, et al. French multicenter phase III randomized study testing concurrent twice-a-day radiotherapy and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy (BiRCF) in unresectable pharyngeal carcinoma: results at 2 years (FNCLCC-GORTEC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:983-994.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376489?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Budach V, Stuschke M, Budach W, et al. Hyperfractionated accelerated chemoradiation with concurrent fluorouracil-mitomycin is more effective than dose-escalated hyperfractionated accelerated radiation therapy alone in locally advanced head and neck cancer: final results of the Radiotherapy Cooperative Clinical Trials Group of the German Cancer Society 95-06 Prospective Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1125-1135.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/6/1125http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15718308?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Staar S, Rudat V, Stuetzer H, et al. Intensified hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy limits the additional benefit of simultaneous chemotherapy: results of a multicentric randomized German trial in advanced head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:1161-1171 (erratum in: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51:569).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11483325?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Semrau R, Mueller RP, Stuetzer H, et al. Efficacy of intensified hyperfractionated and accelerated radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy with carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil: updated results of a randomized multicentric trial in advanced head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1308-1316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16464538?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Denis F, Garaud P, Bardet E, et al. Final results of the 94-01 French Head and Neck Oncology and Radiotherapy Group randomized trial comparing radiotherapy alone with concomitant chemoradiotherapy in advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:69-76.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/69http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657228?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Calais G, Alfonsi M, Bardet E, et al. Randomized trial of radiation therapy versus concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:2081-2086.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/24/2081http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601378?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Brizel DM, Albers ME, Fisher SR, et al. Hyperfractionated irradiation with or without concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Eng J Med. 1998;338:1798-1804.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/338/25/1798http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632446?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Pignon JP, le Maitre A, Maillard E, et al. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): an update on 93 randomised trials and 17,346 patients. Radiother Oncol. 2009;92:4-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19446902?tool=bestpractice.com最常见的化疗组合是氟尿嘧啶和顺铂,[77]Bensadoun RJ, Benezery K, Dassonville O, et al. French multicenter phase III randomized study testing concurrent twice-a-day radiotherapy and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy (BiRCF) in unresectable pharyngeal carcinoma: results at 2 years (FNCLCC-GORTEC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:983-994.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376489?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Brizel DM, Albers ME, Fisher SR, et al. Hyperfractionated irradiation with or without concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Eng J Med. 1998;338:1798-1804.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/338/25/1798http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632446?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Posner MR, Hershock DM, Blajman CR, et al. Cisplatin and fluorouracil alone or with docetaxel in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1705-1715.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/17/1705http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17960013?tool=bestpractice.com氟尿嘧啶和卡铂,[78]Staar S, Rudat V, Stuetzer H, et al. Intensified hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy limits the additional benefit of simultaneous chemotherapy: results of a multicentric randomized German trial in advanced head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:1161-1171 (erratum in: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51:569).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11483325?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Semrau R, Mueller RP, Stuetzer H, et al. Efficacy of intensified hyperfractionated and accelerated radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy with carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil: updated results of a randomized multicentric trial in advanced head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1308-1316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16464538?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Denis F, Garaud P, Bardet E, et al. Final results of the 94-01 French Head and Neck Oncology and Radiotherapy Group randomized trial comparing radiotherapy alone with concomitant chemoradiotherapy in advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:69-76.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/69http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657228?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Calais G, Alfonsi M, Bardet E, et al. Randomized trial of radiation therapy versus concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:2081-2086.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/24/2081http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601378?tool=bestpractice.com以及氟尿嘧啶和丝裂霉素。[76]Budach V, Stuschke M, Budach W, et al. Hyperfractionated accelerated chemoradiation with concurrent fluorouracil-mitomycin is more effective than dose-escalated hyperfractionated accelerated radiation therapy alone in locally advanced head and neck cancer: final results of the Radiotherapy Cooperative Clinical Trials Group of the German Cancer Society 95-06 Prospective Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1125-1135.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/6/1125http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15718308?tool=bestpractice.com同步放化疗组的三年生存率在40%-55%,联合治疗的局部控制率是58%-70%。[77]Bensadoun RJ, Benezery K, Dassonville O, et al. French multicenter phase III randomized study testing concurrent twice-a-day radiotherapy and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy (BiRCF) in unresectable pharyngeal carcinoma: results at 2 years (FNCLCC-GORTEC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:983-994.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376489?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Calais G, Alfonsi M, Bardet E, et al. Randomized trial of radiation therapy versus concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:2081-2086.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/24/2081http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601378?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Brizel DM, Albers ME, Fisher SR, et al. Hyperfractionated irradiation with or without concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Eng J Med. 1998;338:1798-1804.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/338/25/1798http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632446?tool=bestpractice.com然而,同步放化疗会引起显著的3到4级毒性,主要是黏膜炎(高达71%)[81]Calais G, Alfonsi M, Bardet E, et al. Randomized trial of radiation therapy versus concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:2081-2086.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/24/2081http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601378?tool=bestpractice.com和血液系统不良反应(32%)。[77]Bensadoun RJ, Benezery K, Dassonville O, et al. French multicenter phase III randomized study testing concurrent twice-a-day radiotherapy and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy (BiRCF) in unresectable pharyngeal carcinoma: results at 2 years (FNCLCC-GORTEC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:983-994.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376489?tool=bestpractice.com目前还不清楚哪种化疗方案或放疗分割是最好的。尽管丝裂霉素剂量固定,但氟尿嘧啶,顺铂和卡铂的剂量不同。放疗剂量范围为70Gy(每日1次)到75Gy(每日2次)。
总之,不能手术切除的肿瘤患者的标准治疗是以铂类为基础的化疗同步放疗,带或不带辅助化疗。然而,最佳的化疗方案有待确定,并且,尽管转移率高,辅助化疗的必要性没有被最终证明。现有标准是每21天大剂量顺铂同步放疗,[85]Adelstein DJ, Li Y, Adams GL, et al. An intergroup phase III comparison of standard radiation therapy and two schedules of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:92-98.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/21/1/92http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12506176?tool=bestpractice.com虽然情况较差的患者可能需要每周低剂量顺铂或卡铂。另一个选择是多西他赛,顺铂,氟尿嘧啶的三联药物诱导化疗,然后每周用卡铂同步放化疗。[84]Posner MR, Hershock DM, Blajman CR, et al. Cisplatin and fluorouracil alone or with docetaxel in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1705-1715.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/17/1705http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17960013?tool=bestpractice.com同步放化疗后加多西紫杉诱导顺铂及氟尿嘧啶的中位生存期为71个月,而单纯诱导顺铂及氟尿嘧啶为30个月。虽然有血液学毒性的报道,三联药物诱导在局部控制上也有优势。一项荟萃分析证实了三联诱导疗法的优势。[86]Blanchard P, Bourhis J, Lacas B, et al; Meta-Analysis of Chemotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer, Induction Project, Collaborative Group. Taxane-cisplatin-fluorouracil as induction chemotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancers: an individual patient data meta-analysis of the meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer group. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2854-2860.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/31/23/2854.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23835714?tool=bestpractice.com最佳的放化疗方案尚不清楚,这些方案没有直接比较。加用厄洛替尼(一种抗表皮生长因子受体性质的小分子)并不能提高放化疗患者的生存率及无进展生存期,这种情况下不推荐应用。[87]Martins RG, Parvathaneni U, Bauman JE, et al. Cisplatin and radiotherapy with or without erlotinib in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a randomized phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1415-1421.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/31/11/1415.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460709?tool=bestpractice.com在标准化疗和放疗中加入帕尼单抗(对表皮生长因子受体具有特定亲和力的人单克隆抗体)并不会对局部控制或生存期有任何改善,反而在随机分组试验中显示 3-4 级毒性增加。[88]Mesia R, Henke M, Fortin A, et al. Chemoradiotherapy with or without panitumumab in patients with unresected, locally advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (CONCERT-1): a randomised, controlled, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:208-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25596660?tool=bestpractice.com因此,表皮生长因子受体抑制在无法手术切除的口咽癌患者中的作用仍在研究之中。
不能耐受化疗或手术的局部晚期患者
对于手术可切除或不可切除的局部晚期患者,如不能耐受化疗或手术,西妥昔单抗联合放疗是一个可以接受的选择。头颈部癌有表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的高表达,它是参与信号转导一个关键受体,这些信号包括有丝分裂,抗凋亡,促血管生成,侵袭前。西妥昔单抗是针对表皮生长因子受体的胞外部分的单克隆抗体。一项随机研究证实了西妥昔单抗在治疗局部晚期头颈部肿瘤的优势。[61]Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:567-578.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa053422#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467544?tool=bestpractice.com先给予西妥昔单抗单负荷剂量,随后在常规或超分割放疗期间给予每周剂量(70Gy-72Gy)。单纯放疗三年生存率为45%,放疗联合西妥昔单抗为55%。除痤疮样皮疹,西妥昔单抗治疗的耐受性良好。 [
]In people with oral and oropharyngeal cancers, what are the effects of targeted therapy and immunotherapy?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1259/full显示答案
出现远处转移的患者(IVC期)
出现远处转移的患者应行化疗。[63]Vermorken JB, Mesia R, Rivera F, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1126-1127.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/11/1116http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784101?tool=bestpractice.com传统的化疗通常是铂剂与氟尿嘧啶联合应用。一项随机研究对比了卡铂或顺铂加氟尿嘧啶与相同的化疗加用西妥昔单抗的6个疗程后疗效。相比单用化疗,与西妥昔单抗联用的中位生存期显著提高(10.1个月),而单用化疗是7.4个月。[63]Vermorken JB, Mesia R, Rivera F, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1126-1127.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/11/1116http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784101?tool=bestpractice.com应用西妥昔单抗后,中位无进展生存期和治疗失败时间也增加。毒性方面在2组之间没有显着差异。在另一项研究中也观察到,加用西妥昔单抗的化疗生存期略有提高。[89]Burtness B, Goldwasser MA, Flood W, et al. A phase III randomized trial of cisplatin plus placebo compared with cisplatin plus cetuximab in metastatic/recurrent head and neck cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8646-8654 (erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:724).http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/34/8646http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16314626?tool=bestpractice.com没有RAS突变的患者应考虑加用西妥昔单抗的化疗,基于目前对大肠癌的研究,没有RAS突变的患者对西妥昔单抗治疗无反应,但在头颈肿瘤方面尚缺乏数据。[90]Tol J, Koopman M, Cats A, et al. Chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:563-572.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/6/563http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196673?tool=bestpractice.com
复发的患者
经局部治疗后复发且无远处转移证据的患者,可根据个体差异选择挽救性手术,放疗或放化疗,同时要考虑治疗的毒性。[91]Bumpous JM. Surgical salvage of cancer of the oropharynx after chemoradiation. Curr Oncol Rep. 2009;11:151-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216847?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Watkins JM, Shirai KS, Wahlquist AE, et al. Toxicity and survival outcomes of hyperfractionated split-course reirradiation and daily concurrent chemotherapy in locoregionally recurrent, previously irradiated head and neck cancers. Head Neck. 2009;31:493-502.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19156831?tool=bestpractice.com与单用顺铂相比,培美曲塞联合顺铂可能是更有效的挽救性化疗。[93]Urba S, van Herpen CM, Sahoo TP, et al. Pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin monotherapy in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer: final results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Cancer. 2012;118:4694-4705.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434360?tool=bestpractice.com