所有患者治疗的主要目标是减少因过量饮酒而引起的肝损伤,防止肝脏疾病进展。其他的治疗目标包括减少酒精性肝病相关症状和防止并发症。临床医生在治疗酒精性肝炎急性发作的同时,考虑其长期持续处理亦很重要。多学科团队治疗是最理想的方式。一个医学专家(内科医生、胃肠病学家或肝脏病学家)、一个心理健康专家(精神科医生、药物滥用专家)和一个营养学专家(营养师、消化科医师)应共同努力来改善患者的长期预后。[48]Berry PA, Thomson SJ, Rahman TM, et al. Review article: towards a considered and ethical approach to organ support in critically-ill patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Jan;37(2):174-82.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apt.12133/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157692?tool=bestpractice.com
生活方式改变和酒精戒断的治疗
酒精性肝病治疗中需不断强调戒酒的重要性。戒酒或减少饮酒量可提高酒精性肝病患者甚至肝硬化失代偿期患者的预计生存期。[49]Powell WJ Jr, Klatskin G. Duration of survival in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis: influence of alcohol withdrawal, and possible effects of recent changes in general management of the disease. Am J Med. 1968 Mar;44(3):406-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5641303?tool=bestpractice.com 戒酒可减少脂肪变性、纤维化和肝细胞癌的风险。[49]Powell WJ Jr, Klatskin G. Duration of survival in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis: influence of alcohol withdrawal, and possible effects of recent changes in general management of the disease. Am J Med. 1968 Mar;44(3):406-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5641303?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Veldt BJ, Laine F, Guillygomarc'h A, et al. Indication of liver transplantation in severe alcoholic liver cirrhosis: quantitative evaluation and optimal timing. J Hepatol. 2002 Jan;36(1):93-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11804670?tool=bestpractice.com 戒酒也被证明有益于急性酒精性肝炎的总体生存率。[49]Powell WJ Jr, Klatskin G. Duration of survival in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis: influence of alcohol withdrawal, and possible effects of recent changes in general management of the disease. Am J Med. 1968 Mar;44(3):406-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5641303?tool=bestpractice.com影响饮用危险或有害的酒精量的饮酒者:有低质量证据表明初级保健的简短干预(单一或多个会面)在治疗危险或有害的饮酒者是有效的。然而,缺乏明确什么是一个简短的干预。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
在戒酒过程中,要注意酒精戒断综合征的发生,例如出现神经精神症状,主要表现为四肢颤抖、出汗、幻觉、心动过速、高血压,甚至抽搐。酒精戒断患者是镇静催眠药物治疗的适应症。然而,肝硬化患者使用镇静剂可引发肝性脑病。因此这些患者需要一个更谨慎的方法(例如奥沙西泮)。一旦戒酒成功,目前认为咨询联合纳曲酮或阿坎酸治疗可提高长期戒酒的可能性。[22]O'Shea RS, Dasarathy S, McCullough AJ; Practice Guideline Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 2010 Jan;51(1):307-28.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23258/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034030?tool=bestpractice.com[51]US Department of Health and Human Services. Incorporating alcohol pharmacotherapies into medical practice. TIP 49. 2009 [internet publication].http://162.99.3.213/products/manuals/tips/pdf/TIP49.pdf
目前已证实肥胖会导致脂肪变性、脂肪性肝炎和肝硬化,肥胖患者减重对于延缓酒精性肝病的进展是十分重要的。[10]Raynard B, Balian A, Fallik D, et al. Risk factors of fibrosis in alcohol-induced liver disease. Hepatology. 2002 Mar;35(3):635-8.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.31782/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11870378?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Naveau S, Giraud V, Borotto E, et al. Excess weight risk factor for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 1997 Jan;25(1):108-11.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.510250120/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8985274?tool=bestpractice.com 由于最近报道奥利司他可引发急性肝衰竭和其他严重并发症如胆石症、胆汁淤积性肝炎,因此酒精性肝病患者如果使用该药减肥须慎重。[53]Umemura T, Ichijo T, Matsumoto A, et al. Severe hepatic injury caused by orlistat. Am J Med. 2006 Aug;119(8):e7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887401?tool=bestpractice.com
戒烟有益于延缓酒精性肝病的进展。戒烟也有助于启动和维持戒酒。医生在患者常规咨询时尽可能给出一个简单适当的建议促进戒烟。
免疫接种
慢性酒精性肝病患者推荐(例如一般慢性病患者)流行性感冒和肺炎球菌疫苗。如果乙肝表面抗体和甲型肝炎 IgG 抗体阴性,那么所有阶段的酒精性肝病患者应考虑甲型和乙型肝炎免疫接种。[54]Wakim-Fleming J, Mullen KD. Long-term management of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2005 Feb;9(1):135-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15763233?tool=bestpractice.com
营养学
在酒精性肝病,营养不良的患病率非常高。酒精性肝病与高危并发症(感染、腹水、肝性脑病和肝肾综合征)和总死亡率有关。[55]McCullough AJ, Tavill AS. Disordered energy and protein metabolism in liver disease. Semin Liver Dis. 1991 Nov;11(4):265-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763333?tool=bestpractice.com[56]McCullough AJ, Bugianesi E. Protein-calorie malnutrition and the etiology of cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 May;92(5):734-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9149179?tool=bestpractice.com 补充营养物质可能有利于降低部分酒精性肝病伴营养不良患者的总体死亡率,尤其是那些酒精性肝炎或肝硬化患者,但仍需进行临床试验。[57]Ghorbani Z, Hajizadeh M, Hekmatdoost A. Dietary supplementation in patients with alcoholic liver disease: a review on current evidence. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2016 Aug;15(4):348-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27498574?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Rosato V, Abenavoli L, Federico A, et al. Pharmacotherapy of alcoholic liver disease in clinical practice. Int J Clin Pract. 2016 Feb;70(2):119-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26709723?tool=bestpractice.com推荐肠内营养。如果患者不能口服摄入足够的热量,则可考虑通过鼻饲管给予肠内营养。没有必要常规使用专门的配方,除非不能耐受达到营养需求所需量的标准制剂。[38]McCullough AJ, O'Connor JF. Alcoholic liver disease: proposed recommendations for the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Nov;93(11):2022-36.http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v93/n11/full/ajg1998476a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9820369?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Barve A, Khan R, Marsano L, et al. Treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Ann Hepatol. 2008 Jan-Mar;7(1):5-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18376362?tool=bestpractice.com 肝硬化患者不应长期饥饿。他们需要频繁进食,强调夜间加餐和早餐,以改善氮平衡。[22]O'Shea RS, Dasarathy S, McCullough AJ; Practice Guideline Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 2010 Jan;51(1):307-28.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23258/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034030?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Swart GR, Zillikens MC, van Vuure JK, et al. Effect of a late evening meal on nitrogen balance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. BMJ. 1989 Nov 11;299(6709):1202-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838097/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2513050?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Verboeket-Van De Venne WP, Westerterp KR, Van Hoek B, et al. Habitual pattern of food intake in patients with liver disease. Clin Nutr. 1993 Oct;12(5):293-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16843329?tool=bestpractice.com
有证据表明,对酒精性肝炎患者补充营养,可改善肝性脑病,但死亡率并未得到改善。[62]Antar R, Wong P, Ghali P. A meta-analysis of nutritional supplementation for management of hospitalized alcoholic hepatitis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul;26(7):463-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22803023?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, et al. Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(5):CD001939.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001939.pub4/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28518283?tool=bestpractice.com
在酒精性肝病患者急性失代偿期住院期间应制定积极的营养治疗。肠内营养优于静脉营养。蛋白质营养通常耐受性良好,没有理由常规限制酒精性肝炎患者蛋白质的摄入。必要时应考虑补充维生素 B1 和其他维生素。酒精中毒患者存在“再喂养综合症”的高风险,应密切监测发生严重的低钾血症、低磷血症和低镁血症的可能。
药物治疗
对于酒精性肝病目前尚无公认的治疗方法。临床试验主要集中在酒精性肝炎患者。有多项随机对照试验 (randomised controlled trial, RCT) 评估了皮质类固醇在酒精性肝炎患者中的应用。一项 meta 分析评估了 15 项这样的 RCT,并未发现酒精性肝炎患者的总体死亡率下降。[64]Rambaldi A, Saconato HH, Christensen E, et al. Systematic review: glucocorticosteroids for alcoholic hepatitis - a Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomized clinical trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jun;27(12):1167-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363896?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of glucocorticosteroids in adults with alcoholic hepatitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1969/full显示答案在亚组分析中,使用皮质类固醇的确改善了Maddrey判别函数 (MDF) 得分在 32 分或以上和伴有肝性脑病的重症酒精性肝炎患者的短期存活率;然而,无长期健康益处。
识别可获益于皮质类固醇治疗的酒精性肝炎患者
[65]Carithers RL Jr, Herlong HF, Diehl AM, et al. Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med. 1989 May 1;110(9):685-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2648927?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Mathurin P, O'Grady J, Carithers RL, et al. Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: meta-analysis of individual patient data. Gut. 2011 Feb;60(2):255-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940288?tool=bestpractice.com MDF 是基于 PT 和总胆红素的一个综合评分。评分越高提示预后越差。MDF 得分>32 分表明高达约 35%~45% 的死亡率。[65]Carithers RL Jr, Herlong HF, Diehl AM, et al. Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med. 1989 May 1;110(9):685-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2648927?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Ramond MJ, Poynard T, Rueff B, et al. A randomized trial of prednisolone in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1992 Feb 20;326(8):507-12.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199202203260802http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1531090?tool=bestpractice.com MDF<32 分的患者短期生存率为 90%~100%。[68]Maddrey WC, Boitnott JK, Bedine MS, et al. Corticosteroid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1978 Aug;75(2):193-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/352788?tool=bestpractice.com治疗 7 天时,血清胆红素的早期下降是对皮质类固醇应答和治疗 6 个月后更高存活率的一个强预测因素。[69]Mathurin P, Abdelnour M, Ramond MJ, et al. Early change in bilirubin levels is an important prognostic factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with prednisolone. Hepatology. 2003 Dec;38(6):1363-9.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1016/j.hep.2003.09.038/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14647046?tool=bestpractice.com 它连同 PT 和其他参数被纳入到 Lille 评分的计算中,该评分用于确定哪些患者对皮质类固醇治疗无反应。[70]Louvet A, Naveau S, Abdelnour M, et al. The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids. Hepatology. 2007 Jun;45(6):1348-54.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.21607/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17518367?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析已证实,早期胆红素下降作为 28 天生存改善指标非常重要。在这一 meta 分析中,就 28 天生存率而言,从皮质类固醇中获益的患者仅有 Lille 评分 ≤ 0.16(完全应答者)或在 0.16 至 0.56 之间(部分应答者)的患者。[66]Mathurin P, O'Grady J, Carithers RL, et al. Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: meta-analysis of individual patient data. Gut. 2011 Feb;60(2):255-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940288?tool=bestpractice.com Lille 评分较高的患者应停用皮质类固醇。
由于泼尼松将在肝脏转化为泼尼松龙,因此在急性酒精性肝炎患者中,泼尼松龙要优于泼尼松。需要输血治疗的消化道出血、活动性感染和肝肾综合征的酒精性肝病患者应避免使用皮质类固醇。[71]Imperiale TF, McCullough AJ. Do corticosteroids reduce mortality from alcoholic hepatitis? A meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Aug 15;113(4):299-307.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2142869?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Mathurin P. Is alcoholic hepatitis an indication for transplantation? Current management and outcomes. Liver Transpl. 2005 Nov;(11 suppl 2):S21-4.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lt.20601/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16237730?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项随机对照试验,与单用皮质类固醇相比,皮质类固醇联合 N-乙酰半胱氨酸治疗 1 个月生存率更高,而且肝肾综合征和感染的发生率更低。然而,两组患者在 6 个月时的死亡率相同。[73]Nguyen-Khac E, Thevenot T, Piquet MA, et al. Glucocorticoids plus N-acetylcysteine in severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Nov 10;365(19):1781-9.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1101214#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22070475?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 Cochrane 综述提示抗肿瘤坏死因子己酮可可碱可能对全因死亡率和由于肝肾综合征引起的死亡率有益。但对无肝肾综合征患者是否有益尚无结论。[74]Whitfield K, Rambaldi A, Wetterslev J, et al. Pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD007339.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007339.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821406?tool=bestpractice.com[75]De BK, Gangopadhyay S, Dutta D, et al. Pentoxifylline versus prednisone for severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 7;15(13):1613-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669113/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19340904?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does pentoxifylline affect outcomes in people with alcoholic hepatitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.551/full显示答案 己酮可可碱能降低急性酒精性肝炎患者发生肝肾综合征(一种致死原因)的风险。[75]De BK, Gangopadhyay S, Dutta D, et al. Pentoxifylline versus prednisone for severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 7;15(13):1613-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669113/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19340904?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Akriviadis E, Botla R, Briggs W, et al. Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2000 Dec;119(6):1637-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11113085?tool=bestpractice.com 一项关于肌酐清除率在 41~80 mL/min 的肝硬化腹水患者、包括 2011 个试点的随机对照研究,评估长期应用己酮可可碱疗效。研究发现,己酮可可碱治疗组 3 个月和 6 个月时,平均动脉压和肌酐得到改善,而安慰剂组平均动脉压没有变化,在 1,3 和 6 个月时肌酐恶化。肝肾综合征分别发生在 10/30 例安慰剂组患者和 2/30 例己酮可可碱组患者,表明长期己酮可可碱治疗降低患者易患肝肾综合征的风险。[77]Tyagi P, Sharma P, Sharma BC, et al. Prevention of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis and ascites: a pilot randomized control trial between pentoxifylline and placebo. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Mar;23(3):210-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285885?tool=bestpractice.com对于使用皮质类固醇后胆红素没有出现早期下降的重症酒精性肝炎患者(无反应者),将泼尼松龙改为己酮可可碱未显示出任何益处。[78]Louvet A, Diaz E, Dharancy S, et al. Early switch to pentoxifylline in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis is inefficient in non-responders to corticosteroids. J Hepatol. 2008 Mar;48(3):465-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18164508?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 RCT 在 270 例重症酒精性肝炎患者中比较了皮质类固醇联合己酮可可碱与皮质类固醇单药治疗的效果,结果显示两个治疗组间无差异。[79]Mathurin P, Louvet A, Dao T, et al. Addition of pentoxifylline to prednisolone for severe alcoholic hepatitis does not improve 6-month survival: results of the CORPENTOX trial. Hepatology. 2011;54:390A. [
]What are the effects of glucocorticosteroids and/or pentoxifylline in people with alcohol-related liver disease?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1804/full显示答案在 STOPAH 试验中,随机分配了超过 1000 名重症酒精性肝炎患者分别接受己酮可可碱+安慰剂、泼尼松龙+安慰剂、己酮可可碱+泼尼松龙或安慰剂+安慰剂治疗。[80]Thursz MR, Richardson P, Allison M, et al; STOPAH Trial. Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1619-28.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1412278#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901427?tool=bestpractice.com 己酮可可碱并未改善酒精性肝炎患者的生存率。应用泼尼松龙与 28 天死亡率的降低有关,但降幅未达到显著性水平,并且 90 天或 1 年结局没有改善。另一项 RCT 发现,与接受己酮可可碱治疗的重症酒精性肝炎患者相比,接受泼尼松龙治疗的患者在治疗后发生感染和感染相关死亡的风险可能更高。[81]Vergis N, Atkinson SR, Knapp S, et al. In patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, prednisolone increases susceptibility to infection and infection-related mortality, and is associated with high circulating levels of bacterial DNA. Gastroenterology. 2017 Apr;152(5):1068-77.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508516355330http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28043903?tool=bestpractice.com 该研究的作者指出,治疗前血液细菌 DNA (bacterial DNA, bDNA) 水平可能有助于确定哪些患者应该使用己酮可可碱而不是泼尼松龙来开始治疗。
没有足够的数据评估其他抗肿瘤坏死因子治疗是否有益于酒精性肝病。[82]Tilg H, Jalan R, Kaser A, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody therapy in severe alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2003 Apr;38(4):419-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663232?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Naveau S, Chollet-Martin S, Dharancy S, et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of infliximab associated with prednisolone in acute alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology. 2004 May;39(5):1390-7.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20206/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15122768?tool=bestpractice.com
在酒精性肝病患者中对丙基硫氧嘧啶、秋水仙碱、多烯磷脂酰胆碱、卵磷脂、合成代谢类固醇和维生素 E 都进行了研究,但并未发现任何益处。[84]Rambaldi A, Gluud C. Colchicine for alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002148.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002148.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846629?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Rambaldi A, Gluud C. Anabolic-androgenic steroids for alcoholic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD003045.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003045.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054157?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Fede G, Germani G, Gluud C, et al. Propylthiouracil for alcoholic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD002800.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002800.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21678335?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,他们不应在临床试验外使用。
腹水治疗
酒精性肝炎和肝硬化患者肾脏对钠过度储留。治疗的目标是达到负钠平衡。单独限盐饮食(每天最多 2 g 钠)对病情较轻的患者及有效。更严格的限制通常会导致依从性问题,由于食物难吃,患者可能会减少食物摄入量。单一饮食治疗仅对 10%~15% 的患者有效。[87]Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: update 2012. 2012 [internet publication].http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/141020_Guideline_Ascites_4UFb_2015.pdf 随着肝功能恶化,患者需要利尿剂联合限钠饮食,以便足够的钠从尿液中排出。最常用的利尿方案是呋塞米联合螺内酯。使用这种组合,可成功治疗多达 90% 的患者。[87]Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: update 2012. 2012 [internet publication].http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/141020_Guideline_Ascites_4UFb_2015.pdf 对于限盐和利尿剂无效的患者(通常<10%肝硬化),可能需要大量放腹水或经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗。[24]Senousy BE, Draganov PV. Evaluation and management of patients with refractory ascites. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jan 7;15(1):67-80.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i1/67.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19115470?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: update 2012. 2012 [internet publication].http://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/141020_Guideline_Ascites_4UFb_2015.pdf[88]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010 Sep;53(3):397-417.http://www.jhep-elsevier.com/article/PIIS0168827810004782/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20633946?tool=bestpractice.com 最近的荟萃分析显示,腹水中蛋白较低(<1.5 g/dL)的高危肝硬化患者每日口服氟喹诺酮可推迟自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)的第一次发作的时间和死亡率。[89]Loomba R, Wesley R, Bain A, et al. Role of fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Apr;7(4):487-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19250986?tool=bestpractice.com 在高风险(腹水蛋白<1.5 g/dL)的酒精性肝硬化患者应适当考虑口服氟喹诺酮进行初步预防。
腹水引流的动画演示
合并丙型肝炎的治疗
合并丙型肝炎感染的酒精性肝病患者使用抗病毒疗法应根据个体情况而定。从目前有限可用数据看,饮酒可降低干扰素治疗丙型肝炎感染的疗效。[95]Oshita M, Hayashi N, Kasahara A, et al. Increased serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels among alcoholic patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1994 Nov;20(5):1115-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7523270?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,对于活动性酒精滥用患者,常不推荐使用干扰素或其他抗病毒药物。戒酒后抗病毒治疗有可能提高疗效。[96]Ohnishi K, Matsuo S, Matsutani K, et al. Interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C in habitual drinkers: comparison with chronic hepatitis C in infrequent drinkers. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Jul;91(7):1374-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677998?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性丙型肝炎的当前治疗几乎只有直接抗病毒药物的联用,但患者要戒酒至少几个月后才能给予这种疗法,以改善对这些极其有效但费用很高的方案的依从性。治疗丙型肝炎的推荐方案时常由美国肝脏疾病研究协会进行更新。AASLD: HCV guidance
终末期疾病
终末期酒精性肝病患者应考虑肝移植。酒精性肝病患者必须接受酒精相关伴发疾病的筛查和需要至少有 6 个月的明确戒酒史。[97]Keeffe EB. Comorbidities of alcoholic liver disease that affect outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg. 1997 May;3(3):251-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9346748?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,急性酒精性肝炎患者通常不考虑移植,除非他们已经从急性期恢复,显示康复并持续戒酒。
是否优先接受肝移植取决于终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分。
MELDNa 评分(用于肝移植等待名单,不适用于 12 岁以下的患者)(SI 单位制)
其他因素包括肝脏疾病急性程度、相关并发症、其他内科和精神疾病、家庭支持、酒精依赖和再发风险。该模型是基于血清肌酐、血清胆红素和 INR 的一个综合评分。分数更高提示预后更差。它已被验证为肝移植候选患者存活率的独立预测因素。MELD 评分 21 分预测急性酒精性肝炎 90 天死亡率的敏感性和特异性均为 75%。[98]Dunn W, Jamil LH, Brown LS, et al. MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology. 2005 Feb;41(2):353-8.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20503/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15660383?tool=bestpractice.com