酒精滥用筛查
根据美国预防服务工作组(USPTF)指南,应获得一个完全的饮酒史,并对所有青少年和成年患者进行标准筛查问卷调查。US Preventive Services Task Force: screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse[45]U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to clinical preventive services. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1996. 承认饮酒超过毒性阈值或问卷调查阳性反应的成人和青少年,应对酒精滥用和依赖进行彻底的评估。在美国人群中,酒精滥用或依赖的近似终身患病率>13.5%。[46]Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA. 1990 Nov 21;264(19):2511-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2232018?tool=bestpractice.com
标准、验证问卷在检测和诊断酒精性肝病比任何常规临床和实验室评估更有效。[47]Hoeksema HL, de Bock GH. The value of laboratory tests for the screening and recognition of alcohol abuse in primary care patients. J Fam Pract. 1993 Sep;37(3):268-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8105021?tool=bestpractice.com 在多种调查问卷中,CAGE、由WHO开发的AUDIT(酒精使用障碍鉴定试验)及其修改版AUDIT-C很常用。
酒精饮用 AUDIT 筛查问卷
[20]Buchsbaum DG, Buchanan RG, Centor RM, et al. Screening for alcohol abuse using CAGE scores and likelihood ratios. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Nov 15;115(10):774-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1929025?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Girela E, Villanueva E, Hernandez-Cueto C, et al. Comparison of the CAGE questionnaire versus some biochemical markers in the diagnosis of alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol. 994 May;29(3):337-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7945575?tool=bestpractice.com CAGE 问卷很简单,由 4 个问题组成。AUDIT 问卷由 10 个问题组成,而 AUDIT-C 由一个基于 3 个问题的评分系统组成。
CAGE 问卷是常用的一个酒精滥用筛查工具,因为它快速、简单、有效:
肝细胞癌筛查
超声等影像学检查已被用于酒精性肝硬化患者肝细胞癌(HCC)筛查。酒精性肝病肝硬化患者每 6~12 个月行腹部超声来筛查HCC。[32]Thompson Coon J, Rogers G, Hewson P, et al. Surveillance of cirrhosis for hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2007 Sep;11(34):1-206.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0014959/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17767898?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Heimbach J, Kulik LM, Finn R, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2018 Jan;67(1):358-80.https://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/Heimbach_et_al-2017-Hepatology.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28130846?tool=bestpractice.com 超声对 HCC 检测的敏感性约为 70%~>90%,特异性>90%。[44]Singal A, Volk ML, Waljee A, et al. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jul;30(1):37-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19392863?tool=bestpractice.com