人类巴尔通体病由巴尔通体种属引起,巴尔通体为兼性胞内寄生菌,属于变形菌门巴尔通体科。它们为革兰阴性、氧化酶阴性、需要复杂营养、经非碳水化合物发酵获得的需氧杆菌。巴尔通体属包括 45 个种属,除杆菌样巴尔通体和五日热巴尔通体外,大部分寄生于动物体内。[3]Okaro U, Addisu A, Casanas B, et al. Bartonella species, an emerging cause of blood-culture-negative endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30:709-746.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28490579?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Maguina C, Gotuzzo E. Bartonellosis. New and old. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14:1-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10738670?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Koehler JE, et al. Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:1921-1933.http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/48/6/1921?view=long&pmid=15155180http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155180?tool=bestpractice.com
猫抓病是由汉赛巴尔通体引起的人畜共患疾病。人类从自然宿主——猫获得感染,通常是通过抓伤或咬伤,较少通过猫蚤(猫栉首蚤)感染。据报道,87%-99% 的患者曾与猫有所接触,>50% 的患者有被猫抓伤或咬伤的明确的既往史。[20]Zangwill KM, Hamilton DH, Perkins BA, et al. Cat scratch disease in Connecticut - epidemiology, risk factors, and evaluation of a new diagnostic test. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:8-13.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199307013290102#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8505963?tool=bestpractice.com 如果猫龄≤12 个月且带有跳蚤,感染风险会增加。[20]Zangwill KM, Hamilton DH, Perkins BA, et al. Cat scratch disease in Connecticut - epidemiology, risk factors, and evaluation of a new diagnostic test. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:8-13.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199307013290102#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8505963?tool=bestpractice.com 温带地区九月和三月间,家猫季节性繁殖以及与家养宠物近距离接触是最有可能促发疾病的因素。[4]Anderson BE, Neuman MA. Bartonella spp. as emerging human pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997;10:203-219.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/10/2/203?view=long&pmid=9105751http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9105751?tool=bestpractice.com PCR 检查证实了扁虱体内存在巴尔通体种属的 DNA,一些人认为汉赛巴尔通体经肩突硬蜱传播。经调查,专家得出的结论是:所有经蜱虫传播的巴尔通体种属均不会向人和动物传播。[21]Telford SR 3rd, Wormser GP. Bartonella spp. transmission by ticks not established. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):379-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3322007/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20202410?tool=bestpractice.com
五日热巴尔通体是战壕热的致病原。其已知的唯一自然宿主为人类。该细菌通过体虱(人虱)在人与人之间传播,寄生于感染者 5-6 天后,可传播至新宿主。受感染的虱子为了生存而分泌病原体。[22]Byam W, Carroll JH, Churchill JH, et al. Trench fever: a louse-borne disease. London, UK: Oxford University Press; 1919.[23]Brouqui P, Lascola B, Roux V, et al. Chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia in homeless patients. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:184-189.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199901213400303#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9895398?tool=bestpractice.com 无家可归、生存环境恶劣以及酗酒与五日热巴尔通体感染存在独立相关性。
杆菌样巴尔通体可引发 Carrion 病(奥罗亚热和秘鲁疣)。人类是其自然宿主。该疾病经雌性沙蝇(疣肿罗蛉)进行传播。
虽然巴尔通体感染确实可发生于免疫功能正常的个体,但在免疫功能低下的宿主(包括 AIDS 患者、慢性酒精中毒患者、免疫抑制患者或有其他健康问题的患者)中,可引发全身性、慢性且更加危及生命的疾病。[4]Anderson BE, Neuman MA. Bartonella spp. as emerging human pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997;10:203-219.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/10/2/203?view=long&pmid=9105751http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9105751?tool=bestpractice.com
据报道,其他造成人类感染的巴尔通体包括(但不限于)伊丽莎白巴尔通体、clarridgeae 巴尔通体、万森巴尔通体、koehlerae 巴尔通体、grahamii 巴尔通体、alsatica 巴尔通体、rochalimae 巴尔通体和 washoensis 巴尔通体。[5]Maguina C, Gotuzzo E. Bartonellosis. New and old. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14:1-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10738670?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Brouqui P, Raoult D. Endocarditis due to rare and fastidious bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:177-207.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/14/1/177?view=long&pmid=11148009http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11148009?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Daly JS, Worthington MG, Brenner DJ, et al. Rochalimaea elizabethae sp. nov. isolated from a patient with endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:872-881.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/31/4/872?view=long&pmid=7681847http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7681847?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Roux V, Eykyn SJ, Wyllie S, et al. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii as an agent of afebrile blood culture-negative endocarditis in a human. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1698-1700.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/38/4/1698?view=long&pmid=10747175http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10747175?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Avidor B, Graidy M, Efrat G, et al. Bartonella koehlerae, a new cat-associated agent of culture-negative human endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3462-3468.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/42/8/3462?view=long&pmid=15297484http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297484?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Koehler JE, et al. Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:1921-1933.http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/48/6/1921?view=long&pmid=15155180http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155180?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Angelakis E, Lepidi H, Canel A, et al. Human case of Bartonella alsatica lymphadenitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1951-1953.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634634/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19046532?tool=bestpractice.com
目前,已识别出万森巴尔通体亚种 berkhoffii 的四种基因型。迄今为止,从人类血样中分离出最多的基因型为 Ⅱ 型基因型。主要宿主为犬、野生犬科动物(例如狐狸)和野生猫科动物。泰国已有报道指出老鼠可能为一种宿主。[13]Bai Y, Kosoy MY, Diaz MH, et al. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis in humans, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:989-991.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358162/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607728?tool=bestpractice.com 各种节肢动物(包括螫蝇、跳蚤、绵羊蜱、虱子、沙蝇和蜱虫)可能传播万森巴尔通体。[13]Bai Y, Kosoy MY, Diaz MH, et al. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis in humans, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:989-991.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358162/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607728?tool=bestpractice.com