最为常见的巴尔通体感染为汉赛巴尔通体感染引起的猫抓病 (cat-scratch disease, CSD),该疾病分布于世界各地。在美国,每年估计发生 24,000 例该病例,其中 80% 见于儿童。[15]Jackson LA, Perkins BA, Wenger JD. Cat scratch disease in the United States: an analysis of three national databases. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1707-1711.http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.83.12.1707http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8259799?tool=bestpractice.com 在有限的几个地理区域开展的几项较新的研究结果显示,成人发病率更高 (>40%)。[16]Matteelli AF, Castelli A, Spinetti F, et al. Short report: verruga peruana in an Italian traveler from Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50:143-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8116804?tool=bestpractice.com 该病菌主要通过猫(尤其是小猫)咬伤和抓伤进行传播。[4]Anderson BE, Neuman MA. Bartonella spp. as emerging human pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997;10:203-219.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/10/2/203?view=long&pmid=9105751http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9105751?tool=bestpractice.com 猫之间的传播媒介为猫蚤(猫栉首蚤)。在温带地区,CSD 在秋冬季发病率最高,但在热带地区发病率无季节性差异。
由杆菌样巴尔通体引起的 Carrion 病(奥罗亚热和秘鲁疣)集中于安第斯山脉境内南美洲的某些地区(秘鲁、厄瓜多尔以及哥伦比亚)。该疾病经由沙蝇(疣肿罗蛉)进行传播。[4]Anderson BE, Neuman MA. Bartonella spp. as emerging human pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997;10:203-219.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/10/2/203?view=long&pmid=9105751http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9105751?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Maguina C, Gotuzzo E. Bartonellosis. New and old. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14:1-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10738670?tool=bestpractice.com 卡里翁病的特点是最初出现危及生命的发热阶段,被称为奥罗亚热,随后是一个出疹期,被称为秘鲁疣。
第一次世界大战期间超过一百万人在战壕中受到感染,之后在第二次世界大战期间也有发生,战壕热由此得名,此病由五日热巴尔通体引起。该感染通过人类体虱(人虱)进行传播,而人类是已知的唯一宿主。五日热巴尔通体在波兰、东欧、北非、俄罗斯以及中国流行。在下列国家/地区也有关于此病的报道:捷克共和国;[17]Melter O, Arvand M, Votýpka J, et al. Bartonella quintana transmission from mite to family with high socioeconomic status. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:163-165.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310088/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22257438?tool=bestpractice.com 西欧(包括法国、意大利、[18]Magnolato A, Pederiva F, Spagnut G, et al. Three cases of Bartonella quintana infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34:540-542.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25647503?tool=bestpractice.com 和西班牙;以及西半球其他地区。在美国,五日热巴尔通体感染极其罕见,据报道,仅见于慢性酒精中毒患者、无家可归者和 HIV 感染者。[19]Relman DA. Has trench fever returned? N Engl J Med. 1995;332:463-464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7529896?tool=bestpractice.com
自 1993 年以来,已描述 45 种巴尔通体种属,据报道,其中部分种属可造成人类感染。[1]Jacomo V, Kelly PJ, Raoult D. Natural history of Bartonella infections (an exception to Koch's postulate). Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002;9:8-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC119901/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11777823?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Chomel BB, Boulouis HJ, Maruyama S, et al. Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:389-394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291446/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16704774?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Okaro U, Addisu A, Casanas B, et al. Bartonella species, an emerging cause of blood-culture-negative endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30:709-746.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28490579?tool=bestpractice.com 也存在由其他巴尔通体种属(例如,万森巴尔通体、伊丽莎白巴尔通体、clarridgeae 巴尔通体、grahamii 巴尔通体、alsatica 巴尔通体、rochalimae 巴尔通体、washoensis 巴尔通体和 koehlerae 巴尔通体)造成的人类感染,但是较为罕见。[5]Maguina C, Gotuzzo E. Bartonellosis. New and old. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14:1-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10738670?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Brouqui P, Raoult D. Endocarditis due to rare and fastidious bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:177-207.http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/14/1/177?view=long&pmid=11148009http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11148009?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Daly JS, Worthington MG, Brenner DJ, et al. Rochalimaea elizabethae sp. nov. isolated from a patient with endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:872-881.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/31/4/872?view=long&pmid=7681847http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7681847?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Roux V, Eykyn SJ, Wyllie S, et al. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii as an agent of afebrile blood culture-negative endocarditis in a human. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1698-1700.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/38/4/1698?view=long&pmid=10747175http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10747175?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Avidor B, Graidy M, Efrat G, et al. Bartonella koehlerae, a new cat-associated agent of culture-negative human endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3462-3468.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/42/8/3462?view=long&pmid=15297484http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297484?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Koehler JE, et al. Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:1921-1933.http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/48/6/1921?view=long&pmid=15155180http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155180?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Angelakis E, Lepidi H, Canel A, et al. Human case of Bartonella alsatica lymphadenitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1951-1953.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634634/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19046532?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管万森巴尔通体亚种 berkhoffii 主要影响动物,但是目前已经发现该种属可引起人类疾病。[12]Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG, Lantos PM, et al. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and Bartonella henselae bacteremia in a father and daughter with neurological disease. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3:29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859367/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20377863?tool=bestpractice.com 在法国、俄罗斯、尼泊尔均有关于人类感染巴尔通体亚种 arupensis 造成发热性疾病的报道,表明该细菌在世界范围内广泛分布。[13]Bai Y, Kosoy MY, Diaz MH, et al. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis in humans, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:989-991.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358162/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607728?tool=bestpractice.com