美国脊柱裂及无脑畸形的发生率约为0.1%。[4]Cragan JD, Robert HE, Edmonds LD, et al. Surveillance for anencephaly and spina bifida and the impact of prenatal diagnosis - United States, 1985-1994. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1995;44:1-13.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00038567.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7637675?tool=bestpractice.com其发生率及流行趋势表明在不同种族及民族间的易感性存在显著差异,其中西班牙裔女性发生率最高,非裔及亚裔女性发生率最低。[5]Mitchell LE. Epidemiology of neural tube defects. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2005;135C:88-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15800877?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Racial/ethnic differences in the birth prevalence of spina bifida - United States, 1995-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;57:1409-1413.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5753a2.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19129744?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Shin M, Besser LM, Siffel C, et al; Congenital Anomaly Multistate Prevalence and Survival Collaborative. Prevalence of spina bifida among children and adolescents in 10 regions in the United States. Pediatrics. 2010;126:274-279.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20624803?tool=bestpractice.com基因易感性为一项已知因素。首胎为脊髓脊膜膨出的,其第二胎脊髓脊膜膨出发生概率高达5%;而二胎均为脊髓脊膜膨出病例的,其第三胎发生脊髓脊膜膨出的概率高达15%。[5]Mitchell LE. Epidemiology of neural tube defects. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2005;135C:88-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15800877?tool=bestpractice.com据说超过95%的脊柱裂婴儿出生于神经管缺陷阴性家庭中。因此,环境因素亦参与其中。地理性因素亦见于文献报道,其中华北、英格兰、威尔士及美国东海岸发生率较高。环境因素与基因因素间的相互作用经时间趋势、季节变化及移民相关脊柱裂发生率波动证实。[8]Olney RS, Mulinare J. Trends in neural tube defect prevalence, folic acid supplementation, and vitamin supplement use. Semin Perinatol. 2002;26:277-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12211618?tool=bestpractice.com除骶段脊柱裂男女患儿发病率相同外,女性脊柱裂患儿发病率是男性患儿的1.2~1.7倍。[9]Lary JM, Edmonds LD. Prevalence of spina bifida at birth - United States, 1983-1990: a comparison of two surveillance systems. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1996;45:15-26.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00040954.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8602137?tool=bestpractice.com胸段脊柱裂较低位脊柱裂少见,并显著多发于女性患儿。[10]Greene WB, Terry RC, Demasi RA, et al. Effect of race and gender on neurological level in myelomeningocele. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33:110-117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2015978?tool=bestpractice.com
在过去半个世纪内,神经管缺陷发生率在世界范围内下降。在美国,自20世纪30年代至60年代,其发生率由0.231%下降至0.077%[1]Shurtleff DB, Lemire R, Warkany J. Embryology, etiology, and epidemiology. In: Shurtleff BD, ed. Myelodysplasias and exstrophies: significance, prevention, and treatment. Orlando, FL: Grune & Statton; 1986:39-64.在美国,10个地区0~11岁儿童脊柱裂的混合发生率在1991~2002年间持续下降,每年下降约1.4%。[7]Shin M, Besser LM, Siffel C, et al; Congenital Anomaly Multistate Prevalence and Survival Collaborative. Prevalence of spina bifida among children and adolescents in 10 regions in the United States. Pediatrics. 2010;126:274-279.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20624803?tool=bestpractice.com自甲胎蛋白筛查及超声检查问世以来,选择性流产将新生儿无脑畸形及脊柱裂发生率分别降低了60%~70%和20%~30%。[4]Cragan JD, Robert HE, Edmonds LD, et al. Surveillance for anencephaly and spina bifida and the impact of prenatal diagnosis - United States, 1985-1994. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1995;44:1-13.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00038567.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7637675?tool=bestpractice.com在1998年,美国食品药品监督局(FDA)要求强化食用富含叶酸的谷物制品(140μg /100g谷物),以此增加美国妇女每日平均叶酸摄入量至100μg。自 FDA 强制推行叶酸强化饮食后,美国的神经管缺陷发病率降低了 35%。[11]Williams J, Mai CT, Mulinare J, et al. Updated estimates of neural tube defects prevented by mandatory folic acid fortification - United States, 1995-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:1-5.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6401a2.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25590678?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,经叶酸强化摄入后,脊髓脊膜膨出率稳定于0.034%。[12]De Wals P, Tairou F, Van Allen MI, et al. Reduction in neural-tube defects after folic acid fortification in Canada. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:135-142.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa067103#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17625125?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Boulet SL, Yang Q, Mai C, et al. Trends in the postfortification prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly in the United States. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2008;82:527-532.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18481813?tool=bestpractice.com然而,很多国家未强制摄入叶酸。这是因为担心叶酸强化摄入会掩盖高龄人群维生素B12缺乏并增加结直肠癌风险。然而值得注意的是,对这些理论进行验证结果尚不确定。[14]De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, et al. Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(12):CD007950.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub3/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26662928?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Kennedy DA, Stern SJ, Moretti M, et al. Folate intake and the risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 2011;35:2-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21177150?tool=bestpractice.com
在未强制推行叶酸强化饮食的地区,虽然长期建议提高围受孕期叶酸补充以及加强已有的自愿叶酸强化方案,欧洲的神经管缺陷患病率并无降低。[16]Khoshnood B, Loane M, de Walle H, et al. Long term trends in prevalence of neural tube defects in Europe: population based study. BMJ. 2015;351:h5949.http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h5949.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26601850?tool=bestpractice.com
据估计目前叶酸强化项目在全世界范围内避免了9%的可经叶酸预防的脊柱裂及无脑畸形的发生。[17]Bell KN, Oakley GP Jr. Update on prevention of folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009;85:102-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19067404?tool=bestpractice.com在施行叶酸强化摄入的国家中,预防项目逐渐聚焦于高危人群,包括西班牙裔妇女、罹患糖尿病的妇女及肥胖妇女。上述危险因素可发挥协同效应。[18]Moore LL, Singer MR, Bradlee ML, et al. A prospective study of the risk of congenital defects associated with maternal obesity and diabetes mellitus. Epidemiology. 2000;6:689-694.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11055631?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Farrell T, Neale L, Cundy T. Congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diab Med. 2002;19:322-326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11943005?tool=bestpractice.com例如,若母亲肥胖,其子女发生脊柱裂风险额外增加3.5倍。[20]Watkins ML, Rasmussen SA, Honein MA, et al. Maternal obesity and risk for birth defects. Pediatrics. 2003;111:1152-1158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12728129?tool=bestpractice.com上述风险在肥胖西班牙裔妇女中增加了8倍,在罹患糖尿病的西班牙妇女中上述风险水平更高。[21]Shaw GM, Quach T, Nelson V, et. al. Neural tube defects associated with maternal periconceptional dietary intake of simple sugars and glycemic index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:972-978.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/5/972.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594784?tool=bestpractice.com尽管有建议认为全体育龄妇女均应在其每日饮食中增加400μg叶酸,但神经管缺陷发生率并未因此显著下降,这主要与依从性差有关。[17]Bell KN, Oakley GP Jr. Update on prevention of folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009;85:102-107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19067404?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Botto LD, Lisi A, Robert-Gnansia E, et al. International retrospective cohort study of neural tube defects in relation to folic acid recommendations: are the recommendations working? BMJ. 2005;330:571.http://www.bmj.com/content/330/7491/571http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15722368?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Inskip HM, Crozier SR, Godfrey KM. Women's compliance with nutrition and lifestyle recommendations before pregnancy: general population cohort study. BMJ. 2009;338:b481.http://www.bmj.com/content/338/bmj.b481http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213768?tool=bestpractice.com