分裂情感性精神障碍患者精神病首次发作前的时间段尚未得到很好的研究。然而,精神分裂症出现前的特征是非特异性症状,被描述为分裂质、前驱期、[24]Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Faraone SV. Understanding predisposition to schizophrenia: toward intervention and prevention. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Aug;47(6):518-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12211879?tool=bestpractice.com 以及前驱症状。[25]Yung AR, McGorry PD. The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(2):353-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8782291?tool=bestpractice.com 未来会发生分裂情感性精神障碍的患者在很早之前就可能在多个发展和成就领域存在某些困难。这些发现与第二轴疾病(例如回避型、精神分裂型以及分裂型人格障碍)时所见的行为平行。随着时间的推移,它们可导致持续的焦虑和抑郁症状,推测其严重程度取决于症状的进展速度和该过程中应激源的存在与否。几种经过验证的量表可以用于确定哪些人是精神分裂症(但不是分裂情感性精神障碍)的高危人群;但是它们尚未在临床实践中使用:Bonn 基本症状评定量表、[26]Klosterkotter J, Ebel H, Schultze-Lutter F, et al. Diagnostic validity of basic symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;246(3):147-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8739400?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Klosterkötter J, Hellmich M, Steinmeyer EM, et al. Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;58(2):158-64.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/481713http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11177117?tool=bestpractice.com 精神状态风险 (At-Risk Mental Status)、[28]Yung AR, Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, et al. Prediction of psychosis: a step towards indicated prevention of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1998;172(33):14-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9764121?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Yuen HP, et al. Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk ("prodromal") group. Schizophr Res. 2003 Mar 1;60(1):21-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12505135?tool=bestpractice.com 结构化前驱症状访谈 (Structured Prodromal Symptoms Interview)。[30]Miller TJ, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, et al. Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes: preliminary evidence of interrater reliability and predictive validity. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 May;159(5):863-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11986145?tool=bestpractice.com
在影响病程的因素中,最重要的可调整结局预测因素为家庭环境、物质滥用、未经治疗精神病的持续时间。[31]Kane JM, McGlashan TH. Treatment of schizophrenia. Lancet. 1995 Sep 23;346(8978):820-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7545770?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Wyatt RJ. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1991;17(2):325-51.http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/325.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1679255?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Peterson D, Olson G. First admitted schizophrenics in drug era. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1964 Aug;11:137-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14237609?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Loebel AD, Lieberman JA, Alvir JM, et al. Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1992 Sep;149(9):1183-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1503130?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Moe LC. First-episode schizophrenia: I. Early course parameters. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(2):241-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8782284?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Malla AK, Norman RM, Manchanda R, et al. One year outcome in first episode psychosis: influence of DUP and other predictors. Schizophr Res. 2002 Apr 1;54(3):231-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950548?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Malla AK, Norman RM, Manchanda R, et al. Status of patients with first-episode psychosis after one year of phase-specific community-oriented treatment. Psychiatr Serv. 2002 Apr;53(4):458-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11919360?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Norman RM, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med. 2001 Apr;31(3):381-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305847?tool=bestpractice.com 对所有人进行筛查不可行,因为该疾病的发病率较低。虽然已有诊断标准,但分裂情感性精神障碍的辨别会被很多因素妨碍,包括误诊、物质引起的精神病以及诊断延迟。即使作出诊断,也会存在广为人知的一种更大挑战——自知力减弱的患者人群依从性极差。虽然药理学[39]McGrath J, Emmerson WB. Fortnightly review. Treatment of schizophrenia. BMJ. 1999 Oct 16;319(7216):1045-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116843/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521199?tool=bestpractice.com 和心理社会干预在不同程度上对大多数患者有效,[40]Harding CM. Course types in schizophrenia: an analysis of European and American studies. Schizophr Bull. 1988;14(4):633-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3064287?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Beels CC. Social support and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1981;7(1):58-72.http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1/58.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7233113?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Ciompi L. Catamnestic long-term study on the course of life and aging of schizophrenics. Schizophr Bull. 1980;6(4):606-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7444392?tool=bestpractice.com 但早期发现可减少未经治疗的精神病的持续时间[34]Loebel AD, Lieberman JA, Alvir JM, et al. Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1992 Sep;149(9):1183-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1503130?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Malla AK, Norman RM, Manchanda R, et al. One year outcome in first episode psychosis: influence of DUP and other predictors. Schizophr Res. 2002 Apr 1;54(3):231-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950548?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Norman RM, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med. 2001 Apr;31(3):381-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305847?tool=bestpractice.com[43]McGlashan TH. Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: marker or determinant of course? Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Oct 1;46(7):899-907.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10509173?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Larsen TK, Moe LC, Vibe-Hansen L, et al. Premorbid functioning versus duration of untreated psychosis in 1 year outcome in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2000 Sep 29;45(1-2):1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10978867?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Johannessen JO, et al. Shortened duration of untreated first episode of psychosis: changes in patient characteristics at treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;158(11):1917-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691702?tool=bestpractice.com 并且可预测更好的结局,[46]Harrigan SM, McGorry PD, Krstev H. Does treatment delay in first-episode psychosis really matter? Psychol Med. 2003 Jan;33(1):97-110.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12537041?tool=bestpractice.com 但部分研究不支持这一结果。[47]Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Fennig S, et al. Is there an association between duration of untreated psychosis and 24-month clinical outcome in a first-admission series? Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;157(1):60-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10618014?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Robinson DG, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, et al. Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;156(4):544-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10200732?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;56(3):241-7.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/56/3/241http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10078501?tool=bestpractice.com