当有临床指征时,双功超声检查是确定无症状颈动脉狭窄患者首选的影像学检查方法。[2]Ricotta JJ, Aburahma A, Ascher E, et al. Updated Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for management of extracranial carotid disease. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:e1-e31.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214%2811%2901635-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889701?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Stevenson M, et al. Accurate, practical and cost-effective assessment of carotid stenosis in the UK. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:1-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904049?tool=bestpractice.com 无症状性颈动脉狭窄在一般人群中的患病率较低,这意味着对所有成年人不加区别地进行筛查不会降低卒中的风险,因此不推荐使用该方法。[2]Ricotta JJ, Aburahma A, Ascher E, et al. Updated Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for management of extracranial carotid disease. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:e1-e31.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214%2811%2901635-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889701?tool=bestpractice.com[20]LeFevre ML; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:356-362.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1886690http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25003392?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,至少有一种高危因素的患者应考虑影像检查。高危因素包括患者的外周动脉闭塞性疾病,或患者的年龄≥65 岁且有冠状动脉闭塞性疾病、高血压、高胆固醇血症或吸烟史。[2]Ricotta JJ, Aburahma A, Ascher E, et al. Updated Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for management of extracranial carotid disease. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:e1-e31.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214%2811%2901635-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889701?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Nederkoorn PJ, van der Graaf Y, Hunink MG. Duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review. Stroke. 2003;34:1324-1332.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/34/5/1324.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690221?tool=bestpractice.com
不同程度颈动脉狭窄的患者中有47%存在血管杂音;[18]Wolf PA, Kannel WB, Sorlie P, et al. Asymptomatic carotid bruit and risk of stroke. The Framingham study. JAMA. 1981;245:1442-1445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7206146?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,在有血管杂音的患者中,仅不到 2%的患者出现临床高度狭窄(即,直径减小 70%-79%)。因此,指南不推荐对所有有血管杂音的患者不加区别地进行影像学检查。[2]Ricotta JJ, Aburahma A, Ascher E, et al. Updated Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for management of extracranial carotid disease. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:e1-e31.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214%2811%2901635-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889701?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,在其他方面无症状但有动脉粥样硬化危险因素的患者中,血管杂音仍被视为重要的临床标志,对具有至少一个高危因素、有血管杂音的患者建议进行影像学检查。
没有冠状动脉性心脏病症状的患者,不建议在术前做冠心病常规筛查。[1]Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, et al. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease. Circulation. 2011;124:e54-e130.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/4/e54.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282504?tool=bestpractice.com 需要采集病史,进行体格检查和心电图(如同其他术前检查)。 若病史提示冠状动脉性心脏病或心电图存在异常,则应进一步筛查冠状动脉性心脏病, 包括负荷试验或心导管术。