缺乏放血术治疗血色病的随机对照试验。在血清铁蛋白<2250 pmol/L(<1000 ng/mL)的受试者中,铁超负荷相关疾病 (IORD) 的风险较低。[26]Allen KJ, Bertalli NA, Osborne NJ, et al; HealthIron Study Investigators. HFE Cys282Tyr homozygotes with serum ferritin concentrations below 1000 microg/L are at low risk of hemochromatosis. Hepatology. 2010;52:925-933.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.23786/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20583211?tool=bestpractice.com研究还显示,基线期铁蛋白低于 2250 pmol/L (1000 ng/mL) 的中年 C282Y 纯合子患者,如不治疗,在十年期间,3 名中仅有 1 名会进展为铁蛋白超过这个阈值。[54]Gurrin LC, Osborne NJ, Constantine CC, et al. The natural history of serum iron indices for HFE C282Y homozygosity associated with hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1945-1952.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(08)01666-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18848943?tool=bestpractice.com这些结果提示,观察并监测血清铁蛋白,可能是管理某些铁蛋白轻度升高的 2 期无症状血色病患者的合理策略。[54]Gurrin LC, Osborne NJ, Constantine CC, et al. The natural history of serum iron indices for HFE C282Y homozygosity associated with hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1945-1952.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(08)01666-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18848943?tool=bestpractice.com尽管许多血色病患者报告放血术后健康状况有主观改善,但其他患者发现该操作难以忍受,因为需要切开静脉,需要时间等。[55]McDonnell SM, Grindon AJ, Preston BL, et al. A survey of phlebotomy among persons with hemochromatosis. Transfusion. 1999;39:651-656.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10378847?tool=bestpractice.com尽管缺乏证据,专家观点和临床实践指南建议,在治疗安全、有效、操作简单的前提下,如果血色素患者存在身体铁储备过量的证据,应当行放血术。治疗的主要目的是在疾病早期避免铁超负荷,在疾病晚期从身体储备中去除过量的储存铁。[4]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for HFE hemochromatosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:3-22.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(10)00197-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471131?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, et al. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2011;54:328-343.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24330/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21452290?tool=bestpractice.com
生活方式干预
所有患者应避免摄入铁或含铁营养品。[4]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for HFE hemochromatosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:3-22.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(10)00197-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471131?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, et al. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2011;54:328-343.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24330/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21452290?tool=bestpractice.com
应避免维生素C及含有维生素C的补充剂,因为维生素C促进肠道吸收膳食中的铁。尽管如此,有些医生还是建议行肠外铁螯合治疗的患者摄入低剂量的维生素C。因其能增加去铁胺螯合铁。
建议患者避免过量饮酒(如果已患有肝病,则建议戒酒)。
建议未接触肝炎的患者接种甲、乙型肝炎病毒疫苗。[4]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for HFE hemochromatosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:3-22.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(10)00197-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471131?tool=bestpractice.com
0期病变
每三年应行病史、体检以及包括血清铁蛋白和空腹血清转铁饱和度的血检。[47]Haute Autorité de Santé (France). Management of patients with HFE-related haemochromatosis (type 1 haemochromatosis). July 2005. http://www.has-sante.fr/ (last accessed 8 July 2016).http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/hemochromatosis_guidelines_2006_09_12__9_10_9_659.pdf
0期:C282Y纯合子,空腹血清转铁蛋白饱和度和铁蛋白正常,无临床症状。
1期病变
监测方案同0期病变,但每年一次。[4]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for HFE hemochromatosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:3-22.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(10)00197-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471131?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Haute Autorité de Santé (France). Management of patients with HFE-related haemochromatosis (type 1 haemochromatosis). July 2005. http://www.has-sante.fr/ (last accessed 8 July 2016).http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/hemochromatosis_guidelines_2006_09_12__9_10_9_659.pdf[56]Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, et al. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2011;54:328-343.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24330/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21452290?tool=bestpractice.com
1期:C282Y纯合子,空腹血清转铁蛋白饱和度升高(>45%),铁蛋白正常,无临床症状。[47]Haute Autorité de Santé (France). Management of patients with HFE-related haemochromatosis (type 1 haemochromatosis). July 2005. http://www.has-sante.fr/ (last accessed 8 July 2016).http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/hemochromatosis_guidelines_2006_09_12__9_10_9_659.pdf
2、3、4期病变
患者应开始放血治疗。[4]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for HFE hemochromatosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:3-22.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(10)00197-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471131?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Haute Autorité de Santé (France). Management of patients with HFE-related haemochromatosis (type 1 haemochromatosis). July 2005. http://www.has-sante.fr/ (last accessed 8 July 2016).http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/hemochromatosis_guidelines_2006_09_12__9_10_9_659.pdf[56]Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, et al. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2011;54:328-343.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24330/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21452290?tool=bestpractice.com首先是诱导期,每周放血一次。接着进入维持期,间歇性放血以维持血清铁蛋白水平≤112 pmol/L(≤50 ng/mL)。放血前应建议患者适当的补液,放血后24小时避免剧烈运动。[4]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for HFE hemochromatosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:3-22.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(10)00197-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471131?tool=bestpractice.com若患者能坚持低铁饮食,则可减少每年放血量约0.5-1.5L。[57]Moretti D, van Doorn GM, Swinkels DW, et al. Relevance of dietary iron intake and bioavailability in the management of HFE hemochromatosis: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:468-479.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/98/2/468.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803887?tool=bestpractice.com
2 期:C282Y 纯合性,转铁蛋白饱和度(>45%)及血清铁蛋白水平(男性:>674 pmol/L [>300 ng/mL];女性:>449 pmol [>200 ng/mL])均升高,但无临床症状。[47]Haute Autorité de Santé (France). Management of patients with HFE-related haemochromatosis (type 1 haemochromatosis). July 2005. http://www.has-sante.fr/ (last accessed 8 July 2016).http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/hemochromatosis_guidelines_2006_09_12__9_10_9_659.pdf在无症状的中年 C282Y 纯合子患者中,如果初始铁蛋白仅轻度升高(例如:<1125 pmol/L [<500 ng/mL]),应当监测,无需治疗。[54]Gurrin LC, Osborne NJ, Constantine CC, et al. The natural history of serum iron indices for HFE C282Y homozygosity associated with hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1945-1952.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(08)01666-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18848943?tool=bestpractice.com如果放血术推迟,应当每年检查血清铁蛋白。如果铁蛋白升高或出现症状,应当开始治疗。
3 期:C282Y 纯合性,转铁蛋白饱和度(>45%)和血清铁蛋白水平均升高(男性:>674 pmol/L [>300 ng/mL];女性:>449 pmol [>200 ng/mL])均升高,同时伴有该疾病引起的临床症状(如虚弱、阳萎以及关节病)并影响生活质量。[47]Haute Autorité de Santé (France). Management of patients with HFE-related haemochromatosis (type 1 haemochromatosis). July 2005. http://www.has-sante.fr/ (last accessed 8 July 2016).http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/hemochromatosis_guidelines_2006_09_12__9_10_9_659.pdf
4 期:C282Y 纯合性,转铁蛋白饱和度(>45%)和血清铁蛋白水平(男性:>674 pmol/L [>300 ng/mL];女性:>449 pmol [>200 ng/mL])均升高,同时伴有表明器官受损的临床症状(如肝硬化伴有肝细胞癌风险,胰岛素依赖性糖尿病以及心肌病),容易引起早逝。[47]Haute Autorité de Santé (France). Management of patients with HFE-related haemochromatosis (type 1 haemochromatosis). July 2005. http://www.has-sante.fr/ (last accessed 8 July 2016).http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/hemochromatosis_guidelines_2006_09_12__9_10_9_659.pdf
不宜放血治疗的2、3、4期。
铁螯合治疗应当用于有放血治疗禁忌症的患者(即:贫血、严重心脏病或静脉通路有严重问题)。[4]European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for HFE hemochromatosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:3-22.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(10)00197-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471131?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Haute Autorité de Santé (France). Management of patients with HFE-related haemochromatosis (type 1 haemochromatosis). July 2005. http://www.has-sante.fr/ (last accessed 8 July 2016).http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/hemochromatosis_guidelines_2006_09_12__9_10_9_659.pdf
传统上使用肠外铁螯合剂,目前也有口服的铁螯合剂,口服制剂应当能够改善依从性。地拉罗司被认为是替代肠外治疗的一线螯合剂,用于治疗不能行放血治疗的1型血色病患者。然而,在有明显肝损害的患者中,使用地拉罗司应当谨慎。