抗血小板治疗可以防止血小板活化和急性血栓形成,从而减少心肌梗死和猝死的风险。
对于大部分 SIHD 患者,应无限期服用小剂量阿司匹林。[10]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2012 Dec 18;126(25):e354-471.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct;34(38):2949-3003.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/34/38/2949/442952http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996286?tool=bestpractice.com阿司匹林可降低非致命性心肌梗死 20% 的相对危险度。[96]Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al; Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1849-60.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2809%2960503-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19482214?tool=bestpractice.com
低剂量阿司匹林与大剂量阿司匹林的有效性相同,且胃肠道、大出血和致命性出血的风险更低。[97]Serebruany VL, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, et al. Analysis of risk of bleeding complications after different doses of aspirin in 192,036 patients enrolled in 31 randomized controlled trials. Am J Cardiol. 2005 May 15;95(10):1218-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15877994?tool=bestpractice.com抗血小板治疗和减少心肌梗死的风险:有优质证据表明,阿司匹林可降低慢性稳定型心绞痛患者心肌梗死的风险。[98]Ridker PM, Manson JE, Gaziano JM, et al. Low-dose aspirin therapy for chronic stable angina. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1991 May 15;114(10):835-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2014943?tool=bestpractice.com 有优质证据表明,在降低高危患者的心血管事件的风险上,氯吡格雷(75 mg/天)与阿司匹林(325 mg/天)是等效的(心血管事件的年度风险:5.32% 至 5.83%)。[99]CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomized, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events. Lancet. 1996 Nov 16;348(9038):1329-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918275?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
氯吡格雷在降低血管事件方面的有效性至少和阿司匹林相同,[99]CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomized, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events. Lancet. 1996 Nov 16;348(9038):1329-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8918275?tool=bestpractice.com但其作为单药治疗通常是保留给有阿司匹林禁忌证的患者。[10]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2012 Dec 18;126(25):e354-471.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct;34(38):2949-3003.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/34/38/2949/442952http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996286?tool=bestpractice.com双联抗血小板治疗 (DAPT),即联合阿司匹林和 P2Y12 受体抑制剂(例如氯吡格雷),可增加出血风险且并非所有 SIHD 患者均可受益于此。[100]Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, et al; CHARISMA Investigators. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 20;354(16):1706-17.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa060989http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16531616?tool=bestpractice.com
在一次急性冠脉综合征发作后,美国和欧洲指南推荐使用 1 年 DAPT。无论急性冠脉综合征是通过药物、经皮或手术治疗,这一建议均适用。对于出血风险较高或较低的患者,可分别缩短或延长 DAPT 的使用持续时间。对于 SIHD 的慢性疗法,氯吡格雷推荐用于所有情况;其他 P2Y12 抑制剂则可能适用于某些病例。[101]Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016 Nov;152(5):1243-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751237?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 14;39(3):213-60.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/3/213/4095043http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886622?tool=bestpractice.com
在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI) 后,DAPT 可预防支架内血栓这一罕见但病态的并发症,并可降低与支架无关的 MI 风险。美国指南建议在放置现代药物洗脱支架后使用 6 个月的 DAPT,在放置金属裸支架后使用 1 个月的 DAPT。欧洲指南建议,无论支架的种类如何,均使用 6 个月的 DAPT。两个指南均承认,根据出血风险不同,缩短或延长 DAPT 的持续时间均合理。[101]Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016 Nov;152(5):1243-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751237?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 14;39(3):213-60.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/3/213/4095043http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886622?tool=bestpractice.com
评分系统(例如 Precise DAPT 评分或美国心脏病学会 DAPT 风险计算器)可帮助临床医生评估延长 DAPT 对于抗血栓的获益及其出血风险。
在服用维生素 K 拮抗剂或直接口服抗凝剂的患者中,DAPT 可显著增加这些患者的出血风险。对于因例如房颤、人工机械瓣膜或静脉血栓栓塞等适应证而服用抗凝剂的患者,通常避免使用三联疗法或仅应用尽可能短的一段时间。[101]Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016 Nov;152(5):1243-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751237?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 14;39(3):213-60.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/3/213/4095043http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886622?tool=bestpractice.com
欧洲指南推荐日常联合应用质子泵抑制剂 (PPI) 和 DAPT,以降低胃肠道出血的风险。[102]Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 14;39(3):213-60.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/3/213/4095043http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886622?tool=bestpractice.com 美国指南仅推荐将 PPI 疗法用于具有危险因素的患者。[101]Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016 Nov;152(5):1243-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751237?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数 SIHD 患者均需进行高强度他汀治疗。
关于安慰剂对照和高低剂量对比临床试验的 Meta 分析显示,无论基线低密度脂蛋白 (LDL) 胆固醇水平如何,他汀疗法均可减少冠状动脉病变性死亡和非致命性 MI。在安慰剂对照试验中,低效他汀可将严重冠脉事件的相对危险度减少 27%。虽然目前在 SIHD 人群中还没有关于高效他汀的大型安慰剂对照试验,但其获益的程度似乎与他汀治疗的强度成正比,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇每降低 40 mg/dL,主要冠脉事件的发生率可降低约 25%。[114]Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010 Nov 13;376(9753):1670-81.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61350-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067804?tool=bestpractice.com
在大于 75 岁和具有症状性收缩性心力衰竭或因终末期肾病而进行血液透析的人群中,高强度他汀治疗的益处并非很明显。[115]Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 Suppl 2):S1-45.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7ahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222016?tool=bestpractice.com
由于缺少脂质管理的达标治疗 (treat-to-target) 试验,美国[115]Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 Suppl 2):S1-45.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7ahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222016?tool=bestpractice.com和英国[116]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Sept 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg181 指南建议,他汀的剂量应由整体心脏风险决定,而非根据目标 LDL 调整。对于 SIHD 患者,欧洲指南推荐将目标 LDL 胆固醇水平控制在 70 mg/dL 以下。[117]Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 14;37(39):2999-3058.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/39/2999/2414995http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567407?tool=bestpractice.com 更新的一版美国指南提出,若已使用最大可耐受他汀治疗,但仍未能使 LDL 胆固醇降低 50% 或使 LDL<70 mg/dL,则可能应做出强化治疗的相关决定。[118]Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2017 Focused update of the 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Oct 3;70(14):1785-1822.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/70/14/1785http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886926?tool=bestpractice.com
他汀类药物通常耐受性良好。严重不良反应通常罕见,包括肝损伤、肌坏死和横纹肌溶解。当患者出现可能的不良反应(如肌痛)时,应尽一切努力确定是否确实是药物所致。可尝试其他的他汀类药物。对于存在禁忌证或确实对高强度他汀类治疗不耐受的患者,较低剂量或其他给药方案可能更合适。[117]Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 14;37(39):2999-3058.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/39/2999/2414995http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567407?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2017 Focused update of the 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Oct 3;70(14):1785-1822.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/70/14/1785http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886926?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on clinical expert consensus documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Jul 5;68(1):92-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27046161?tool=bestpractice.com
关于非他汀类降脂治疗临床获益的证据要少得多。对于无法服用他汀类药物或尽管在最大耐受剂量上对他汀依从性良好但治疗反应低于预期的患者,可考虑使用非他汀类替代药物作为单一治疗或与一种他汀类药物进行联合治疗。[10]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2012 Dec 18;126(25):e354-471.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on clinical expert consensus documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Jul 5;68(1):92-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27046161?tool=bestpractice.com依折麦布 (ezetimibe) 和前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素 9 (PCSK9) 均为合适的选择。[118]Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2017 Focused update of the 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Oct 3;70(14):1785-1822.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/70/14/1785http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886926?tool=bestpractice.com有证据表明,在中等效力他汀治疗之上增加依折麦布对于近期发生急性冠脉综合征的患者是有益的,[120]Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al; IMPROVE-IT Investigators. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 18;372(25):2387-97.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1410489http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26039521?tool=bestpractice.com单独使用 PCSK9 抑制剂或与他汀类药物进行联合治疗对于高胆固醇血症患者[121]Navarese EP, Kolodziejczak M, Schulze V, et al. Effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies in adults with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Jul 7;163(1):40-51.http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2279798/effects-proprotein-convertase-subtilisin-kexin-type-9-antibodies-adults-hypercholesterolemiahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25915661?tool=bestpractice.com或已知心血管疾病患者也可获益。[122]Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al; FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017 May 4;376(18):1713-22.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1615664http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28304224?tool=bestpractice.com对于这些药物,在 LDL 降低和风险降低的程度之间存在关联。
生活方式的改变,包括体育活动、减轻体重、减少钠盐的摄入量及饮酒节制,可以帮助许多患者充分控制血压。[123]The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction intervention on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high-normal blood pressure: the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Mar 24;157(6):657-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9080920?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Stevens VJ, Corrigan SA, Obarzanek E, et al. Weight loss intervention in phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention: the TOHP Collaborative Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Apr 12;153(7):849-58.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8466377?tool=bestpractice.com[125]Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). JAMA. 1998 Mar 18;279(11):839-46.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/187347http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9515998?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al; DASH Collaborative Research Group. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 17;336(16):1117-24.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199704173361601http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9099655?tool=bestpractice.com[127]Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 4;344(1):3-10.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200101043440101http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11136953?tool=bestpractice.com[128]Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Apr 2;136(7):493-503.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11926784?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Xin X, He J, Frontini MG, et al. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2001 Nov;38(5):1112-7.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/hy1101.093424http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11711507?tool=bestpractice.com
在血压目标方面,不同的降压指南之间有一些差异。[130]James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014 Feb 5;311(5):507-20.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1791497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797?tool=bestpractice.com[131]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. Nov 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG127[132]Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013 Jul;34(28):2159-219.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/34/28/2159/451304http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23771844?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6):e13-115.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133356?tool=bestpractice.com
血压>140/90 mmHg 的 SIHD 患者应使用降压药物是一个共识。[90]Fraker TD Jr, Fihn SD; 2002 Chronic Stable Angina Writing Committee; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association. 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Dec 4;50(23):2264-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061078?tool=bestpractice.com
强化降压仍有争议。近期数据显示,在没有卒中或糖尿病病史的高危患者中,将目标收缩压降至<120 mmHg,可减少心血管事件,降低死亡率。[134]Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, et al; SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2103-16.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26551272?tool=bestpractice.com 这些结果是否可应用到糖尿病患者,仍不明确。[135]Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 29;362(17):1575-85.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1001286http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228401?tool=bestpractice.com
美国指南目前推荐 SIHD 患者治疗目标值应低于 130/80 mmHg。[133]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6):e13-115.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133356?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然理想的抗高血压药物取决于患者的个体特征,但若存在左心室功能不全、近期 MI 或稳定型心绞痛的患者有相关指征,则可使用 β 受体阻滞剂和 ACE 抑制剂。可能需要增加其他药物以达到目标血压。[90]Fraker TD Jr, Fihn SD; 2002 Chronic Stable Angina Writing Committee; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association. 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Dec 4;50(23):2264-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061078?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6):e13-115.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29133356?tool=bestpractice.com
缺血性心脏疾病合并糖尿病的患者心血管事件的发病率和死亡率很高。强化血糖控制能降低 1 型和 2 型糖尿病患者微血管并发症的发病率,包括视网膜病、肾病和神经病变。[136]UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):837-53. [Erratum in: Lancet. 1999 Aug 14;354(9178):602.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9742976?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8366922?tool=bestpractice.com 在积极的血糖控制下,1 型糖尿病患者心血管事件也有所减少。[137]Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8366922?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22;353(25):2643-53.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052187http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371630?tool=bestpractice.com 对 2 型糖尿病患者强化血糖控制没有显示可以减少心血管事件,反而可能有害。[139]Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2560-72.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802987http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539916?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 8;360(2):129-39.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0808431http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092145?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2545-59.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com
最佳糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c) 的目标值尚未经临床试验最终确定。可以根据如糖尿病病程、预期寿命、并存的慢性病、低血糖病史以及患者偏好等特性,将特定患者的糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c) 目标值确定为 <53 mmol/mol (<7%)。[142]Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, et al. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials. A position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a Scientific Statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009 Jan 20;119(2):351-7.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.108.191305http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095622?tool=bestpractice.com 进行强化血糖控制前应考虑到低血糖的风险;对于那些高龄,有低血糖史、微血管和大血管并发症或并存疾病的患者,将 HbA1c 的目标值定为 53 mmol/mol 至 75 mmol/mol(7% - 9%)是合理的。[143]Dluhy RG, McMahon GT. Intensive glycemic control in the ACCORD and ADVANCE trials. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2630-3.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe0804182http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539918?tool=bestpractice.com
应该根据患者的可接受性和药物安全性制定个体化的降糖药物治疗方案。有限证据表明药物之间存在差异。相对于磺脲类(如格列本脲、格列吡嗪),二甲双胍可使糖尿病并发症的发生率更低。[144]Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 9;359(15):1577-89.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806470http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784090?tool=bestpractice.com 已证明 SGL2 抑制剂依帕列净添加至标准治疗时能降低任何原因导致的复合心血管结局和死亡率。[145]Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2117-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378978?tool=bestpractice.com 胰高血糖素样肽-1 (glucagon-peptide-1, GLP-1) 激动剂利拉鲁肽 (liraglutide)[146]Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jul 28;375(4):311-22.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1603827http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27295427?tool=bestpractice.com 和索马鲁肽[147]Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1834-44.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27633186?tool=bestpractice.com 也可降低心血管风险。
2015 年,在 FDA 确定数据未表明罗格列酮药物较二甲双胍和磺酰脲类可增大心脏病发作风险后,针对罗格列酮药物的风险评估和缓解策略 (Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, REMS) 在美国已被废除。[148]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA eliminates the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for rosiglitazone-containing diabetes medicines. Dec 2015 [internet publication].https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm476466.htm 然而,在有报告称罗格列酮可增大心血管疾病风险后,欧洲药品管理局 (European Medicines Agency, EMA) 已暂停对欧盟境内含有该成分药物的销售许可。[149]European Medicines Agency. Questions and answers on the suspension of rosiglitazone-containing medicines (Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim). Sept 2010 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Medicine_QA/2010/09/WC500097003.pdf[150]Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Avandia: expiry of the marketing authorisation in the European Union. May 2016 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Public_statement/2016/06/WC500208350.pdf
通过非药物和药物治疗改善糖尿病伴随的危险因素(包括血脂异常和高血压),可显著降低心血管事件的发生率,故应持续保持。ACEI 是糖尿病伴高血压患者的一线用药。[10]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2012 Dec 18;126(25):e354-471.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Fraker TD Jr, Fihn SD; 2002 Chronic Stable Angina Writing Committee; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association. 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Dec 4;50(23):2264-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061078?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec;42(6):1206-52.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14656957?tool=bestpractice.com
抗心绞痛药物的主要目标是减少心绞痛症状,改善生活质量。
β 受体阻滞剂是一线用药,尤其是对于既往有心肌梗死或左心室功能不全的患者,因为 β 受体阻滞剂可降低这些患者未来心肌梗死或死亡的风险。使用 β-受体阻滞剂的禁忌证包括严重心动过缓、高度房室传导阻滞、病窦综合征和不稳定的左心室衰竭。β 受体阻滞剂可引起哮喘患者肺部症状恶化,应进行密切监测。
当单独使用 β-受体阻滞剂对心绞痛症状控制不佳时,可添加或替换使用钙通道阻滞剂或长效硝酸酯。当钙通道阻滞剂维拉帕米和地尔硫卓与 β-受体阻滞剂联合使用或用于心脏收缩功能障碍患者时,必须谨慎,因为它们分别会对心率和收缩性产生影响。[10]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2012 Dec 18;126(25):e354-471.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211?tool=bestpractice.com
使用硝酸酯类的一个关键是确保每天有足够的无硝酸酯空白期,以避免出现耐药和无效。适用于勃起功能障碍的磷酸二酯酶-5 抑制剂应避免与硝酸酯类联用,因可能造成严重的血压下降[10]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2012 Dec 18;126(25):e354-471.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211?tool=bestpractice.com
由于其对冠状动脉痉挛的作用,血管痉挛(普林兹迈托变异型)心绞痛患者使用钙通道阻滞剂或硝酸酯类药物能更好的缓解症状,因为它们能减轻冠脉痉挛。[152]Vandergoten P, Benit E, Dendale P. Prinzmetal's variant angina: three case reports and a review of the literature. Acta Cardiol. 1999 Apr;54(2):71-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10378017?tool=bestpractice.com
雷诺嗪是一种改善心室舒张张力和耗氧量的抗心绞痛药物。联合或替代 β-受体阻断剂使用有助于缓解症状。
尼可地尔、伊伐布雷定和曲美他嗪 (trimetazidine) 是较新的抗心绞痛剂,也可有助于控制心绞痛症状。英国药品和医疗产品监管署 (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, MHRA) 发布了关于尼可地尔使用建议的警告。[153]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Nicorandil (Ikorel): now second-line treatment for angina - risk of ulcer complications. Jan 2016 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/nicorandil-ikorel-now-second-line-treatment-for-angina-risk-of-ulcer-complications 和伊伐布雷定。[154]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Ivabradine: carefully monitor for bradycardia. Jun 2014 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/ivabradine-carefully-monitor-for-bradycardia[155]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Ivabradine (Procoralan) in the symptomatic treatment of angina: risk of cardiac side effects. Dec 2014 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/ivabradine-procoralan-in-the-symptomatic-treatment-of-angina-risk-of-cardiac-side-effects MHRA 关于尼可地尔的警告指出,该药应当作为稳定性心绞痛的二线治疗使用,有可能发生不良反应,例如严重的皮肤、黏膜、眼和胃肠道溃疡(包括需要终止治疗的胃肠道溃疡)。[153]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Nicorandil (Ikorel): now second-line treatment for angina - risk of ulcer complications. Jan 2016 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/nicorandil-ikorel-now-second-line-treatment-for-angina-risk-of-ulcer-complications 已经证明,在临床心力衰竭患者中,伊伐布雷定能够减少因心力衰竭加重而导致的住院治疗和心血管原因导致的死亡。[156]Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, et al; SHIFT Investigators. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010 Sep 11;376(9744):875-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20801500?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,在没有临床心力衰竭的稳定性冠状动脉疾病患者中,伊伐布雷定没有改善复合心血管结局。需要更多研究阐明伊伐布雷定治疗心绞痛的安全性和有效性以及研究使用这种药物后观察到的心动过缓和心房颤动发生情况。[157]Martin RI, Pogoryelova O, Koref MS, et al. Atrial fibrillation associated with ivabradine treatment: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2014 Oct;100(19):1506-10.https://heart.bmj.com/content/100/19/1506.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24951486?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, et al; SIGNIFY Investigators. Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 18;371(12):1091-9.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1406430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25176136?tool=bestpractice.com