通过积极改变生活方式和遵循指南的药物治疗,患者可期望减轻心绞痛症状。凭借遵循指南的管理,58% 的患者有望在一年内消除心绞痛症状。[163]Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al; COURAGE Trial Research Group. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007 Apr 12;356(15):1503-16.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa070829http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17387127?tool=bestpractice.com
缺血性心脏疾病是一个动态过程。即使有积极的医疗管理和生活方式的改变,部分患者可能会由于动脉粥样硬化疾病的发展出现心绞痛复发或加重。逐渐加量抗心绞痛药物可以缓解这些症状,但是,一些患者可能需要血运重建来改善心绞痛症状和运动耐量。
动脉粥样硬化性疾病的并发症
损害冠状动脉血流量的动脉粥样硬化负荷导致心绞痛症状,也使患者患动脉粥样硬化性疾病并发症的风险增加。冠状动脉不稳定粥样硬化斑块会导致急性血栓形成和血管阻塞,从而导致心肌梗死。类似地,脑血管系统的动脉粥样硬化性疾病可导致中风。非侵入性检测与早发性心绞痛、2 mm 或更大的 ST 段压低、ST 段抬高、无法增加血压收缩压或血压在运动中适当上升后持续下降,以及低运动耐量与不良预后有关联。[10]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2012 Dec 18;126(25):e354-471.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation. 2002 Oct 1;106(14):1883-92.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.CIR.0000034670.06526.15http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12356646?tool=bestpractice.com
积极的生活方式改变和药物治疗可降低这些并发症的风险。重要的是,继续吸烟的患者心肌梗死,心原性猝死和总死亡率的风险较高。[95]US Department of Health and Human Services. The health benefits of smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. 1990 [internet publication].https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/C/T/_/nnbbct.pdf 二级预防服用阿司匹林可将心肌梗死、中风或血管性死亡的风险降低 33%。[174]Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy - I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ. 1994 Jan 8;308(6921):81-106.https://www.bmj.com/content/308/6921/81.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8298418?tool=bestpractice.com 他汀类药物的降脂治疗将主要冠脉事件的风险降低超过 20%。[17]Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994 Nov 19;344(8934):1383-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7968073?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al; Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 3;335(14):1001-9.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199610033351401http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8801446?tool=bestpractice.com β-受体阻滞剂和 ACEI 已被证明能够降低高风险患者心血管事件的风险。[10]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2012 Dec 18;126(25):e354-471.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318277d6a0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211?tool=bestpractice.com