治疗的主要目标是尽快恢复心肌血流,减少心肌损伤,减轻后续的心肌重构,因为心肌重构可以使心室功能和预后恶化。[11]O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/4/e362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247304?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Verma VK, Hollenberg SM. Update on acute coronary syndromes and ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005 Oct;11(5):401-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16175024?tool=bestpractice.com
即刻迅速的血运重建,即在首次就诊的 90 min 内进行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI),或症状发作 12 h 以内进行溶栓,能够防止和减轻心肌损伤,并可通过防止急性并发症而降低发病率和死亡率。强烈建议当地社区或局部地区建立 STEMI 治疗的快速反应机制。
初期治疗
患者应入住能持续进行心电监护的病房,并开始严格卧床休息 12-24 小时。仅当氧饱和度<90% 时,才需要辅助供氧。高氧可能对非复杂性心肌梗死患者有害,推测可能是由于心肌损伤加重。[26]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886621?tool=bestpractice.com[18]O'Connor RE, Al Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 suppl 2):S483-500.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/18_suppl_2/S483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472997?tool=bestpractice.com[27]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis. November 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg95 大量使用氧气可导致急性冠脉综合征患者的死亡率有所上升。[28]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-1705. Epub 2018 Apr 26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4169.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355567?tool=bestpractice.com指南建议,对于疑似或确诊急性冠脉综合征 (ACS) 的患者,如果氧饱和度正常,不应当常规吸氧。[18]O'Connor RE, Al Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 suppl 2):S483-500.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/18_suppl_2/S483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472997?tool=bestpractice.com[27]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis. November 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg95 应当立即给予阿司匹林。病死率:高质量的证据表明,阿司匹林与安慰剂相比,可降低急性心肌梗死患者 1 个月的病死率、再梗死以及卒中。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
用吗啡适当镇痛可以减轻胸痛及其相关的交感神经活动,因为这些症状可以增加心肌需氧量。
如果患者没有低血压,应当立即给予硝酸甘油,因其可减少心肌需氧量并减轻缺血,或许可以终止因冠状动脉痉挛引起的心肌梗死。但是,如果与镇痛药物一起使用,应当注意剂量,避免干扰镇痛治疗。舌下含服应当首选用于所有患者,静脉药物治疗可以用于高血压和心力衰竭患者。
血流动力学不稳定
5% 的急性心肌梗死幸存者在心肌梗死后第 1 个小时内发生心源性休克,48 小时内的病死率为 50%-80%。[9]Danchin N, Durand E. Acute myocardial infarction. Clin Evid. 2006 Jun;(15):140-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973008?tool=bestpractice.com
心肌梗死 48 小时内急诊血运重建与单独药物治疗相比,可降低 12 个月时的病死率。[9]Danchin N, Durand E. Acute myocardial infarction. Clin Evid. 2006 Jun;(15):140-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973008?tool=bestpractice.com死亡率:有低质量证据表明,在急性心肌梗死 48 小时内有心源性休克的患者中,与单纯药物治疗相比,早期有创心脏血运重建治疗能降低 1 和 6 个月的死亡率。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
如果采用经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI) 进行血运重建失败,或者仍有持续疼痛或血流动力学不稳定,建议行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)。
输注多巴酚丁胺可使伴有低心输出量和心源性休克的患者从中受益。死亡率:并没有关于使用正性肌力药物治疗急性心肌梗死后心源性休克的直接证据。然而,一般共识认为这是有益的。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 指南还建议,如果药物措施不能迅速改善休克状态,应当使用主动脉内球囊反搏 (intra-aortic balloon pump, IABP) 或心室机械循环支持设备。[11]O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/4/e362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247304?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,关于主动脉内球囊反搏 (IABP) 用于急性心肌梗死的多项观察性研究结果似乎有冲突,而且在随机对照试验 (RCT) 中,即使对于心源性休克患者,也并没有证明其能够降低急性心肌梗死后的死亡率。[30]Ahmad Y, Sen S, Shun-Shin MJ, et al. Intra-aortic balloon pump therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Jun;175(6):931-9.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2210888http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25822657?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock, what are the effects of intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation (IABP)?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1071/full显示答案
抗血小板和抗凝治疗
所有患者均应服用阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛或普拉格雷。普拉格雷禁用于有缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作病史的患者,不建议在>75 岁的患者或低体重 (<60 kg) 的患者中使用普拉格雷;因此,替格瑞洛经常被更广泛地使用。氯吡格雷是一种 P2Y12 抑制剂替代药物,当替格瑞洛和普拉格雷禁用或不可用时可以使用。[26]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886621?tool=bestpractice.com给药至少 1 年,发现普拉格雷治疗结局优于氯吡格雷,但是会增加体重<60 kg 或年龄>74 岁患者的出血风险。对这些患者建议使用低剂量。[31]Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, et al. Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (TRITON-TIMI 38): double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 Feb 28;373(9665):723-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19249633?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Goodwin MM, Desilets AR, Willett KC. Thienopyridines in acute coronary syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Feb;45(2):207-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304037?tool=bestpractice.com 坎格雷洛是一种静脉给药的 P2Y12 抑制剂,在先前没有接受 P2Y12 抑制剂并且没有正在接受血小板 GPIIb/IIIa 抑制剂的患者中,可以作为 PCI 的辅助药物,降低围手术期心肌梗死、反复冠状动脉血运重建和支架血栓形成的风险。[33]Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Hamm CW, et al. Effect of cangrelor on periprocedural outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions: a pooled analysis of patient-level data. Lancet. 2013 Dec 14;382(9909):1981-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011551?tool=bestpractice.com
除抗血小板治疗外,普通肝素是优选用作单药的抗凝药物。或者,可以使用比伐芦定和依诺肝素。只有在出现无反流或血栓性并发症迹象的情况下,才建议额外使用糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 抑制剂(GPIIb/IIIa 抑制剂)。[26]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886621?tool=bestpractice.com
支持性治疗措施
用吗啡适当镇痛可以减轻胸痛及其相关的交感神经活动,因为这些症状可以增加心肌需氧量。
仅当氧饱和度<90% 时才需要辅助供氧。[26]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886621?tool=bestpractice.com[18]O'Connor RE, Al Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 suppl 2):S483-500.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/18_suppl_2/S483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472997?tool=bestpractice.com[27]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis. November 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg95 高氧可能对非复杂性心肌梗死患者有害,推测可能是由于心肌损伤加重。指南建议,对于疑似或确诊急性冠脉综合征的患者,如果氧饱和度正常,不应当常规吸氧。[18]O'Connor RE, Al Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 suppl 2):S483-500.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/18_suppl_2/S483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472997?tool=bestpractice.com[27]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis. November 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg95
还应当持续控制血糖,包括根据情况使用胰岛素,但还未证明严格控制血糖对危重患者有益。[10]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. January 2018;41(suppl 1):1-172.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/suppl/2017/12/08/41.Supplement_1.DC1/DC_41_S1_Combined.pdf
电活动不稳定
急诊血运重建推荐应用于经过复苏后血液动力学稳定的心搏骤停患者,且心电图证实 STEMI。降低体温建议用于心博骤停后经复苏并仍处在昏迷的患者。
血液动力学稳定:首次医疗接触后 90 分钟内
经皮冠状动脉介入治疗
直接 PCI 时置入支架(使用裸金属支架或药物洗脱支架)是血运重建的首选方法,前提是可以由有经验的操作者团队及时进行。在症状发作后 12 小时内就诊的患者或在 12 小时之后就诊但存在持续缺血的患者,应当考虑直接 PCI。[11]O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/4/e362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247304?tool=bestpractice.com[34]De Luca G, Cassetti E, Marino P. Percutaneous coronary intervention-related time delay, patient's risk profile, and survival benefits of primary angioplasty vs lytic therapy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med. 2009 Jul;27(6):712-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19751630?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Nielsen PH, Maeng M, Busk M, et al. Primary angioplasty versus fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: long-term follow-up in the Danish acute myocardial infarction 2 trial. Circulation. 2010 Apr 6;121(13):1484-91.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/121/13/1484http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308618?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, et al. 2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2014 Oct 1;35(37):2541-619.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/37/2541.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173339?tool=bestpractice.com死亡率:有低质量证据表明,与单纯溶栓相比,对急性心肌梗死患者行直接经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA) 可能降低死亡率。但与溶栓治疗相比,直接 PTCA 可增加 4-6 周时的大出血风险。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 将患者立即转运到导管室,计划置入支架开通动脉。首选药物洗脱支架。[26]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886621?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Wallace EL, Abdel-Latif A, Charnigo R, et al. Meta-analysis of long-term outcomes for drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in primary percutaneous coronary interventions for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2012 Apr 1;109(7):932-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221949?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do drug-eluting stents compare with bare-metal stents for people with acute coronary syndrome?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1890/full显示答案 目前正在研究由可生物降解聚合物制成的第三代药物洗脱支架。[38]Raungaard B, Jensen LO, Tilsted HH, et al. Zotarolimus-eluting durable-polymer-coated stent versus a biolimus-eluting biodegradable-polymer-coated stent in unselected patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (SORT OUT VI): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 18;385(9977):1527-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25601789?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Sabaté M, Brugaletta S, Cequier A, et al. Clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with everolimus-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents (EXAMINATION): 5-year results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2016 Jan 23;387(10016):357-66.https://boris.unibe.ch/92887/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26520230?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 血管造影显示右冠状动脉闭塞来自 Mahi Ashwath 医生的个人收集;获得允许后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 血管造影显示尝试使用血管成形球囊打开闭塞的右冠状动脉来自 Mahi Ashwath 医生的个人收集;获得允许后使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 球囊血管成形术和支架置入术后血管造影显示开放的右冠状动脉来自 Mahi Ashwath 医生的个人收集;获得允许后使用 [Citation ends].
急性心肌梗死患者通常进行多支血管 PCI。在过去,指南不建议在直接 PCI 时对无受累血管进行 PCI,但没有论及无受累血管进行分期 PCI。然而,根据现有的 RCT 证据,指南现在建议,在血流动力学稳定、有多支血管病变的特定 STEMI 患者中,在直接 PCI 时或在分期操作时,可以考虑多支血管 PCI 策略。[40]Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI focused update on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Mar 15;67(10):1235-50.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109715067972http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498666?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Engstrøm T, Kelbæk H, Helqvist S, et al. Complete revascularisation versus treatment of the culprit lesion only in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease (DANAMI-3-PRIMULTI): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Aug 15;386(9994):665-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26347918?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Gershlick AH, Khan JN, Kelly DJ, et al. Randomized trial of complete versus lesion-only revascularization in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI and multivessel disease: the CvLPRIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Mar 17;65(10):963-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359051/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766941?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Kowalewski M, Schulze V, Berti S, et al. Complete revascularisation in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2015 Aug;101(16):1309-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26037102?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,医生应当考虑临床数据、血流动力学稳定性、病变严重程度/复杂性以及造影剂肾病风险等因素,确定最佳的 PCI 策略。
指南还建议在直接 PCI 之前不要进行常规的人工抽吸血栓清除术,因为有证据表明,这种操作相对于单纯 PCI 没有任何益处。[40]Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI focused update on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Mar 15;67(10):1235-50.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109715067972http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498666?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Bhindi R, Kajander OA, Jolly SS, et al. Culprit lesion thrombus burden after manual thrombectomy or percutaneous coronary intervention-alone in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the optical coherence tomography sub-study of the TOTAL (ThrOmbecTomy versus PCI ALone) trial. Eur Heart J. 2015 Aug 1;36(29):1892-900.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/29/1892.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25994742?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,研究表明,常规抽吸血栓清除术可能会增加卒中的风险。[45]Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, et al. Stroke in the TOTAL trial: a randomized trial of routine thrombectomy vs. percutaneous coronary intervention alone in ST elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2015 Sep 14;36(35):2364-72.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/35/2364.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26129947?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, et al. Outcomes after thrombus aspiration for ST elevation myocardial infarction: 1-year follow-up of the prospective randomised TOTAL trial. Lancet. 2016 Jan 9;387(10014):127-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5007127/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26474811?tool=bestpractice.com
很多医院具备 24 h 行 PCI 的能力;但是,如果没有导管室,应该在患者就诊 30 分钟内常规转运到有 PCI 设施的机构,并且最好是在症状发作的 30 分钟内转运。
桡动脉入路优于股动脉入路,因为前者可获得更佳的结局(例如:死亡率、严重心血管不良事件、大出血和出血并发症减少),尤其当操作者有丰富的桡动脉入路经验时。[36]Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, et al. 2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2014 Oct 1;35(37):2541-619.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/37/2541.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173339?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Andò G, Capodanno D. Radial versus femoral access in invasively managed patients with acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Dec 15;163(12):932-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26551857?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Valgimigli M, Gagnor A, Calabró P, et al. Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet. 2015 Jun 20;385(9986):2465-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25791214?tool=bestpractice.com
冠状动脉旁路移植术
抗血小板和抗凝治疗
所有患者均应服用阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛或普拉格雷。普拉格雷禁用于有缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作病史的患者,不建议在>75 岁的患者或低体重 (<60 kg) 的患者中使用普拉格雷;因此,替格瑞洛经常被更广泛地使用。氯吡格雷是一种 P2Y12 抑制剂替代药物,当替格瑞洛和普拉格雷禁用或不可用时可以使用。[26]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886621?tool=bestpractice.com给药至少 1 年,发现普拉格雷治疗结局优于氯吡格雷,但是会增加体重<60 kg 或年龄>74 岁患者的出血风险。对这些患者建议使用低剂量。[31]Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, et al. Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (TRITON-TIMI 38): double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 Feb 28;373(9665):723-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19249633?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Goodwin MM, Desilets AR, Willett KC. Thienopyridines in acute coronary syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Feb;45(2):207-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304037?tool=bestpractice.com 坎格雷洛是一种静脉给药的 P2Y12 抑制剂,在先前没有接受 P2Y12 抑制剂并且没有正在接受血小板 GPIIb/IIIa 抑制剂的患者中,可以作为 PCI 的辅助药物,降低围手术期心肌梗死、反复冠状动脉血运重建和支架血栓形成的风险。[33]Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Hamm CW, et al. Effect of cangrelor on periprocedural outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions: a pooled analysis of patient-level data. Lancet. 2013 Dec 14;382(9909):1981-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011551?tool=bestpractice.com
除抗血小板治疗外,普通肝素是优选用作单药的抗凝药物。或者,可以使用比伐芦定和依诺肝素。只有在出现无反流或血栓性并发症迹象的情况下,才建议额外使用糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 抑制剂(GPIIb/IIIa 抑制剂)。[26]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886621?tool=bestpractice.com
支持性治疗措施
口服 β 受体阻滞剂应当尽早开始应用,因为其能减小梗死面积,但在有心力衰竭、低血压、心动过缓或哮喘证据的患者中,应当谨慎使用。[49]Bangalore S, Makani H, Radford M, et al. Clinical outcomes with β-blockers for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med. 2014 Oct;127(10):939-53.http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(14)00470-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24927909?tool=bestpractice.com心血管事件:有高质量证据表明,β 受体阻滞剂与安慰剂相比,能够降低急性心肌梗死患者 28 天内的再梗死率。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 仅在高血压或存在持续缺血的患者中建议 β 受体阻滞剂静脉给药。[11]O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/4/e362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247304?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Pizarro G, Fernández-Friera L, Fuster V, et al. Long-term benefit of early pre-reperfusion metoprolol administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the METOCARD-CNIC trial (Effect of Metoprolol in Cardioprotection During an Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jun 10;63(22):2356-62.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109714016829?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24694530?tool=bestpractice.com
如果没有禁忌证并且能够耐受,无论血脂检测结果如何,都应开始当采用高剂量他汀类药物稳定斑块。[13]Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S1-45.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24222016?tool=bestpractice.com 对需要额外降低低密度脂蛋白 (LDL) 的患者,还可以考虑将依折麦布添加至他汀类药物治疗方案中。[51]Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 18;372(25):2387-97.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1410489http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26039521?tool=bestpractice.com
Evolocumab 和 alirocumab 是前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素 9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, PCSK9) 抗体抑制剂。Alirocumab 已被批准作为饮食和最大可耐受他汀类治疗的辅助治疗,用于需要额外降低 LDL 的杂合子型家族性高胆固醇血症 (heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, HeFH) 成人患者或临床动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病患者。Evolocumab 已被批准作为饮食和其他降脂疗法(例如他汀类药物、依折麦布)的辅助治疗,用于降低原发性高脂血症(包括杂合子型高胆固醇血症)和纯合子型家族性高胆固醇血症患者的 LDL。现在还被批准用于降低心血管疾病确诊患者的心肌梗死风险,并且可以在没有辅助性饮食和降脂治疗的情况下用于该适应证。
如果患者有他汀类药物禁忌证或不耐受他汀类药物,依洛尤单抗 (evolocumab) 和阿利库单抗 (alirocumab) 还可以作为他汀类药物的替代。
如果有他汀类药物禁忌或患者不耐受他汀类药物,可以考虑非他汀类降脂治疗(例如:依折麦布、依洛尤单抗 [evolocumab]、阿利库单抗 [alirocumab])。
对于符合条件的患者(在男性中,肌酐<221 μmol/L [<2.5 mg/dL],在女性中,肌酐<177 μmol/L [<2.0mg/dL];钾<5.0mmol/L [<5.0mEq/L]),发生 STEMI 后 3-14 天,如果射血分数<0.40 并且存在有症状的心力衰竭或糖尿病,应当把依普利酮添加至最佳药物疗法。已经证明,更早期开始该药治疗(<7 天),能够显著减少全因死亡、心源性猝死和心血管死亡/住院的发生率,而在>7 天后开始治疗,对结局没有显著影响。[52]Montalescot G, Pitt B, Lopez de Sa E, et al; REMINDER Investigators. Early eplerenone treatment in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction without heart failure: the Randomized Double-Blind Reminder Study. Eur Heart J. 2014 Sep 7;35(34):2295-302.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/35/34/2295/2481156http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24780614?tool=bestpractice.com
仅当氧饱和度<90% 时才需要辅助供氧。高氧可能对非复杂性心肌梗死患者有害,推测可能是由于心肌损伤加重。[26]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886621?tool=bestpractice.com[18]O'Connor RE, Al Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 suppl 2):S483-500.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/18_suppl_2/S483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472997?tool=bestpractice.com[27]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis. November 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg95 指南建议,对于疑似或确诊急性冠脉综合征的患者,如果氧饱和度正常,不应当常规吸氧。[18]O'Connor RE, Al Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 suppl 2):S483-500.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/132/18_suppl_2/S483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472997?tool=bestpractice.com[27]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis. November 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg95
非甾体抗炎药应当避免使用,如果患者已经在使用,应当尽可能停用。[53]Gibson CM, Pride YB, Aylward PE, et al. Association of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolytic therapy: an ExTRACT-TIMI 25 analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2009 Jan;27(1):11-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695943?tool=bestpractice.com
血液动力学稳定:首次医疗接触后>90 分钟,症状发作 12 小时以内,没有溶栓禁忌证。
如果首次医疗接触后 90 分钟内不能进行 PCI,且患者没有溶栓禁忌证,适合进行溶栓治疗。病死率:中等质量证据证明,与安慰剂相比,溶栓治疗降低急性心肌梗死患者的病死率,且与对照组相比,能够增加卒中的风险。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 应当在就诊 30 分钟内开始。溶栓在初始诊断后只应用一次,且必须在症状发作 12 小时以内应用(3 小时内最理想),因为溶栓效果随时间延长而降低。最初 2 小时内的治疗(特别是第 1 个小时)有可能终止心肌梗死并大幅度降低病死率。[11]O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/4/e362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247304?tool=bestpractice.com时机:中等质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,急性心肌梗死患者症状发作后越早进行溶栓治疗,获益越大。与对照组相比,溶栓治疗可增加卒中风险。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
溶栓绝对禁忌证包括既往任何颅内出血、已知的颅内恶性病变或脑血管结构性病变(例如,动静脉畸形)、既往 3 个月内的缺血性卒中、疑似主动脉夹层、活动性出血或出血倾向疾病、以及既往3个月内严重的闭合性头部或面部外伤。[11]O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/4/e362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247304?tool=bestpractice.com
除了使用其他抗栓和/或抗血小板药物外,溶栓也可能增加出血风险,还可能会导致颅内出血。
对于所有接受纤维蛋白溶解治疗的患者,应当考虑在 24 小时内转至能够进行 PCI 的医院。在纤维蛋白溶解治疗成功后,应考虑在 24 小时内对患者进行血管造影,以对受累血管进行血运重建。[36]Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, et al. 2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2014 Oct 1;35(37):2541-619.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/37/2541.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173339?tool=bestpractice.com
溶栓后急诊 PCI 建议应用于伴有下列情况的高危人群:持续胸痛;血液动力学、机械或电活动不稳定;或休克的患者。溶栓后患者应尽快转运以准备行 PCI。[54]Borgia F, Goodman SG, Halvorsen S, et al. Early routine percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolysis vs. standard therapy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2010 Sep;31(17):2156-69.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/31/17/2156/464143http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20601393?tool=bestpractice.com 在溶栓治疗后 6 小时内转运的患者,相对于出现并发症后再转运的患者,其出现的缺血性并发症大大减少。[55]Wijeysundera HC, Vijayaraghavan R, Nallamothu BK, et al. Rescue angioplasty or repeat fibrinolysis after failed fibrinolytic therapy for ST-segment myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Jan 30;49(4):422-30.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109706026611?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17258087?tool=bestpractice.com 溶栓治疗失败后的补救 PCI 有助于改善临床结局。[56]Cantor WJ, Fitchett D, Borgundvaag B, et al. Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 25;360(26):2705-18.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa0808276?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19553646?tool=bestpractice.com 易化 PCI 指患者在转运至医疗中心行即刻 PCI 前,接受半量或足量溶栓药物治疗,这种做法并未被证明有益处,尽管普遍这样做,却存在很多争议,并且一般不推荐这样做。[57]Eitel I, Franke A, Schuler G, et al. ST-segment resolution and prognosis after facilitated versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010 Jan;99(1):1-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727894?tool=bestpractice.com
抗血小板和抗凝药(例如:口服阿司匹林和氯吡格雷;肝素静脉给药)也适用于 STEMI 治疗,因为这能够通过抑制血小板激活和后续的血小板聚集,从而限制继发血栓形成。普拉格雷和替格瑞洛不推荐用于正在接受溶栓治疗的患者,因为还没有足够的研究证实其适用于这种情况。[58]Tubaro M, Danchin N, Goldstein P, et al. Pre-hospital treatment of STEMI patients: a scientific statement of the Working Group Acute Cardiac Care of the European Society of Cardiology. Acute Card Care. 2011 Jun;13(2):56-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21627394?tool=bestpractice.com 如果 STEMI 患者可接受溶栓治疗,则不应用血小板 GPⅡb/Ⅲa 受体抑制剂。死亡率:有低质量证据表明,急性心肌梗死 6 小时内,在溶栓治疗中加用血小板 GPIIb/IIIa 抑制剂在降低 30 天内的死亡率或其他心血管事件发生率方面,并不比单纯的溶栓治疗更有效。此联合治疗方案可增加出血并发症的发生,特别是颅外出血。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 溶栓治疗患者应当考虑使用低分子肝素,而非普通肝素。[59]Silvain J, Beygui F, Barthélémy O, et al. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012 Feb 3;344:e553.http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e553?view=long&pmid=22306479http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22306479?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Singh S, Bahekar A, Molnar J, et al. Adjunctive low molecular weight heparin during fibrinolytic therapy in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Clin Cardiol. 2009 Jul;32(7):358-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19609890?tool=bestpractice.com再梗死率:高质量的证据表明,在急性心肌梗死患者中,相对于单独溶栓治疗,将低分子肝素(依诺肝素)加入溶栓治疗(链激酶)中,能够降低再梗死率;但是,没有降低死亡率。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
支持治疗措施与 90 分钟内进行 PCI 的患者相同。
血流动力学稳定:首次医疗接触后>90 分钟,症状发作 12 小时以内,有溶栓禁忌证
针对有溶栓禁忌证的患者,建议行 PCI,即使不能在 90 分钟内进行。且患者应当尽快转运行 PCI。
抗血小板药物/抗凝药物和支持治疗措施与在 90 分钟内接受 PCI 患者的相同。
血流动力学稳定:90 分钟内未能接受 PCI,且症状发作>12 小时
即使超过 12 小时,如果患者症状持续,仍有可能从血运重建中获益,最好选择 PCI 进行血运重建。对于不推荐 PCI 或溶栓治疗的稳定患者,只建议药物治疗,包括 β 受体阻滞剂、抗血小板和抗凝治疗。如果患者病情出现不稳定,应进行延迟 PCI,可以延迟至症状发生后 36 小时。[61]Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Godfrey E, et al. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries for cardiogenic shocK: an international randomized trial of emergency PTCA/CABG-trial design. The SHOCK Trial Study Group. Am Heart J. 1999 Feb;137(2):313-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924166?tool=bestpractice.com
支持治疗措施与 90 分钟内进行 PCI 的患者相同。
持续药物治疗
血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂应尽早开始使用(即,当患者血流动力学稳定后,最好从住院第 1 天开始使用),有助于改善心室重构,特别是对于大面积前壁心肌梗死。病死率:高质量的证据表明,当在急性心肌梗死发生 14 天内开始使用时,与安慰剂相比,血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE) 抑制剂能够更有效地降低 2-42 个月后的总死亡率和心源性猝死发生率。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 应当继续他汀类以及抗血小板治疗。β-受体阻滞剂死亡率:有低质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,β 受体阻滞剂可能降低心肌梗死后 6 周至 3 年时的死亡率。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 应持续使用 3 年,然后根据共病情况评估是否应继续使用。[49]Bangalore S, Makani H, Radford M, et al. Clinical outcomes with β-blockers for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med. 2014 Oct;127(10):939-53.http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(14)00470-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24927909?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2012 Dec 18;126(25):e354-471.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/25/e354.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166211?tool=bestpractice.com
不将长期使用硝酸酯作为心肌梗死后的常规推荐,但可以用作充血性心力衰竭和慢性心绞痛治疗计划的一部分。