初步处理
所有患者都适合初始医学治疗,并根据危险分层选择不同药物。
氧气
所有患者均需要使用脉搏血氧测量血氧饱和度。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com虽然在过去会对所有患者常规给予吸氧,但并没有证据支持这一实践操作。[50]Cabello JB, Burls A, Emparanza JI, et al. Oxygen therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD007160.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007160.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23963794?tool=bestpractice.com此外,ST 段抬高型心肌梗死应用空气与氧气 (Air Versus Oxygen in ST-elevation MyocarDial Infarction, AVOID) 研究的结果已经显示,常规辅助吸氧可能增加心肌梗死的面积,增高 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死患者(但无缺氧)复发性心肌梗死和心律失常的发生率。[51]Stub D, Smith K, Bernard S, et al.; AVOID investigators. Air versus oxygen in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2015;131:2143-2150.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/131/24/2143.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26002889?tool=bestpractice.com相关指南现在建议,辅助氧疗仅适用于低氧血症(动脉氧饱和度<90%)的患者或存在呼吸窘迫或低氧血症其他高风险特征的患者。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com
抗血小板疗法
所有疑似患有急性冠状动脉综合征的患者应立即服用阿司匹林,除非有禁忌证或已服用过。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com提供入院前急救服务的医疗保健人员应同样对怀疑患急性冠状动脉综合征的胸痛患者给予阿司匹林(嚼服),除非患者有禁忌证或已经服用过阿司匹林。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com之后按照每日维持剂量继续阿司匹林治疗。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com降低死亡率:高质量证据提示抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林75~325 mg/d)与安慰剂比较降低不稳定型心绞痛患者的死亡、心肌梗死和卒中风险。该证据表明当每天剂量>325 mg时不增加心血管获益,甚至可能增加损害。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。作为不可逆 COX-1 抑制剂,阿司匹林可抑制血栓素 A2 生成从而防止血小板聚集,并降低不稳定型心绞痛患者或急性心肌梗死患者的死亡率和非致死性心肌梗死发病率。[52]Lewis HD Jr, Davis JW, Archibald DG, et al. Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:396-403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6135989?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Cairns JA, Gent M, Singer J, et al. Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or both in unstable angina: results of a Canadian multicenter trial. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1369-1375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3903504?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Cairns JA, Gent M, Singer J, et al. Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or both in unstable angina: results of a Canadian multicenter trial. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1369-1375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3903504?tool=bestpractice.com阿司匹林被证实可使未来冠状动脉事件的发生率降低 30-51%。[54]Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71-86.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/324/7329/71http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786451?tool=bestpractice.com与低剂量阿司匹林相比,高剂量阿司匹林可增高出血风险,而结局无改善。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
类似地,P2Y12 受体抑制剂(例如氯吡格雷、替卡格雷、普拉格雷)适用于非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死的早期住院治疗,可有效抑制血小板黏附、激活和聚集。P2Y12 受体抑制剂可降低发病率和死亡率,但可引起出血风险增高。[55]Motovska Z, Kala P. Benefits and risks of clopidogrel use in patients with coronary artery disease: evidence from randomized studies and registries. Clin Ther. 2008;30 Pt 2:2191-2202.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19281914?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Squizzato A, Keller T, Romualdi E, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD005158.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005158.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249668?tool=bestpractice.com替卡格雷和普拉格雷属于新型 P2Y12 药物,已经有试验显示比氯吡格雷起效更快、疗效更佳。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Mahaffey KW, Held C, Wojdyla DM, et al; PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor effects on myocardial infarction and the impact of event adjudication in the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:1493-1499.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24561148?tool=bestpractice.com然而,与氯吡格雷相比,使用这两种 P2Y12 药物时的出血风险也会增高。[58]Varenhorst C, Alström U, Braun OÖ, et al. Causes of mortality with ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel in acute coronary syndromes. Heart. 2014;100:1762-1769.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24957530?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Bavishi C, Panwar S, Messerli FH, et al. Meta-analysis of comparison of the newer oral P2Y12 inhibitors (prasugrel or ticagrelor) to clopidogrel in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116:809-817.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119655?tool=bestpractice.com所有患者都应给予P2Y12受体抑制剂和阿司匹林的双重抗血小板治疗。对于阿司匹林不耐受者或存在禁忌证的患者,可给予一种 P2Y12 受体抑制剂替代阿司匹林,但是不可同时给予两种不同的 P2Y12 受体抑制剂。氯吡格雷或替卡格雷对无创和有创治疗患者均适用,普拉格雷只推荐用于接受有创治疗患者,因为目前数据均来自接受经皮介入治疗的患者。[60]O'Donoghue M, Antman EM, Braunwald E, et al. The efficacy and safety of prasugrel with and without a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous intervention: a TRITON-TIMI 38 (Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition With Prasugrel-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 38) analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:678-685.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679245?tool=bestpractice.com选择较新药物时,噻氯匹定的不良反应(即中性粒细胞减少和很少见的血栓性血小板减少性紫癜)完全限制了其应用。虽然已观察到对氯吡格雷的反应减弱,但是很少有资料可以帮助临床医生选择一种新型 P2Y12 受体抑制剂,如替卡格雷、普拉格雷来替代氯吡格雷。可检测患者的基因型,确定缺陷等位基因携带者,该缺陷可以限制产生氯吡格雷活性代谢物的能力,但其在临床管理中的作用仍在研究中。
临床医生需要选择合适的治疗方案,权衡一种新药起效更快、抗血小板作用更强的优势,以及对出血危险的影响(特别是既往有短暂性脑缺血发作或卒中的患者)。不管选择何种 P2Y12 受体抑制剂,多数患者都应尽快给予负荷剂量,之后继续给予维持剂量至少 12 个月。[61]Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1791-1800.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1500857#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25773268?tool=bestpractice.com需要注意的是,如果预期紧急实施或计划在 5-7 天内实施冠状动脉旁路移植术,则不应使用 P2Y12 受体抑制剂,因此可能有必要延迟使用 P2Y12 受体抑制剂,直至诊断性血管造影阐明是否适用早期冠状动脉旁路移植术。对于在出现临床表现前接受长期氯吡格雷治疗的患者,有证据表明,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI) 时再次使用氯吡格雷负荷剂量可减少围手术期心肌梗死的发生。[62]Patti G, Pasceri V, Mangiacapra F, et al; ARMYDA-8 RELOAD-ACS Investigators. Efficacy of clopidogrel reloading in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention during chronic clopidogrel therapy (from the Antiplatelet Therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty [ARMYDA-8 RELOAD-ACS] trial). Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:162-168.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23601577?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 PCI 前未接受口服 P2Y12 抑制剂或糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 的患者,可考虑给予坎格雷洛作为辅助药物,以降低围手术期心肌梗死、支架内血栓形成和反复冠状动脉血运重建的风险。坎格雷洛是一种静脉使用、直接作用的血小板二磷酸腺苷 (ADP) P2Y12 抑制剂,具有快速起效和可逆的作用。[63]Bhatt DL, Stone GW, Mahaffey KW, et al.; CHAMPION PHOENIX Investigators. Effect of platelet inhibition with cangrelor during PCI on ischemic events. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1303-1313.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300815#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23473369?tool=bestpractice.com
疼痛缓解
所有患者的初始管理都应包括缓解疼痛。舌下含服硝酸甘油可减少心肌需氧量,增加心肌供氧量。如果最近使用过5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(如西地那非),则不可使用硝酸甘油;如果收缩压小于90 mmHg或怀疑存在右心室梗死,也不应该使用。对于间隔5 min舌下含服硝酸甘油片或使用喷雾剂3次仍不能缓解症状的患者,推荐静脉输注硝酸甘油。减少胸痛发作:低质量证据表明硝酸甘油能减少不稳定型心绞痛患者的胸痛发作。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。如果患者对 3 次舌下含服硝酸甘油没有反应或尽管给予了足够的抗心肌缺血治疗仍有复发症状,则在无禁忌证时,可静脉使用吗啡。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com吗啡导致血管舒张并可能降低心率(通过增强迷走神经张力)和收缩压,从而进一步降低心肌需氧量。如果有硝酸甘油禁忌证,应使用吗啡替代硝酸甘油。有限的数据(主要是观察性研究)调查了吗啡在 NSTEMI 治疗中的使用,显示有潜在的安全性问题,因此应谨慎使用。[64]Meine TJ, Roe MT, Chen AY, et al.; CRUSADE Investigators. Association of intravenous morphine use and outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: results from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative. Am Heart J. 2005;149:1043-1049.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15976786?tool=bestpractice.com一项随机双盲试验发现,在心肌梗死患者中,吗啡可以延迟和减弱替格瑞洛的暴露和作用。[65]Kubica J, Adamski P, Ostrowska M, et al. Morphine delays and attenuates ticagrelor exposure and action in patients with myocardial infarction: the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled IMPRESSION trial. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:245-252.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712351/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26491112?tool=bestpractice.com
β 受体阻滞剂
除非有禁忌证,所有患者都推荐常规使用口服 β 受体阻滞剂。降低死亡率:低质量证据表明普洛萘尔与安慰剂比较,能够降低使用最佳剂量硝酸酯和硝苯地平不稳定型心绞痛患者的30 d死亡率、心肌梗死发生率以及需行冠状动脉旁路移植术或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的几率。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。禁忌证包括心率<60 bpm、收缩压<100 mmHg、中或重度左心室功能衰竭、心电图 PR 间期>0.24 s、二或三度心脏传导阻滞、活动期哮喘或反应性气道疾病、严重的慢性阻塞性肺病、低血压、右心室梗死和心源性休克。关于有心肌梗死危险或进展中心肌梗死的随机研究显示使用β受体阻滞剂治疗可以降低发展为心肌梗死的几率。[66]American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Health Association, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, et al. Fact sheet: beta-blockers for acute myocardial infarction. April 2005. http://www.ahrq.gov/ (last accessed 28 July 2017).http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/commitfact.htm[67]American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Health Association, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, et al. Practice advisory: commitment to respond to COMMIT/CCS-2 trial results: beta blocker use for myocardial infarction (MI) within 24 hours of hospital arrival. April 2005. http://www.ahrq.gov/ (last accessed 28 July 2017).http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/commitadvisory.htm缺乏急性期使用不同β受体阻滞剂的对比研究。但是,没有内在拟交感神经活性的β受体阻滞剂(如美托洛尔、普萘洛尔和阿替洛尔)更好。选择长期使用β受体阻滞剂通常取决于临床医生对药物的熟悉程度。目标静息心率是50~60次/min。
钙-通道阻滞剂
对于给予足够量的硝酸盐和β受体阻滞剂后仍持续存在或再发缺血症状的患者,或者不能耐受β受体阻滞剂的患者,可以使用钙通道阻滞剂。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com虽然钙通道阻滞剂经常使用,但是有高质量的证据表明,在降低不稳定型心绞痛患者的死亡率或心肌梗死率方面,其效果并不优于对照。降低死亡率:钙通道阻滞剂与对照组比较,没有降低不稳定型心绞痛患者的死亡率和心肌梗死发生率。短效二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂(如硝苯地平)与冠心病患者死亡率增加有关。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。急性心绞痛患者可以紧急使用钙通道阻滞剂,如果停用后没有再发心绞痛或使用这些药物的其他适应证(即高血压),则不需要继续使用这些药物。用药24 h后,医生可以酌情开始逐步减量。短效的二氢吡啶(如硝苯地平)应当避免在没有足量使用β受体阻滞剂的情况下使用,因为可能与不良结局相关。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com严重左心室功能不全者应避免使用维拉帕米或地尔硫卓。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com在英国,钙通道阻滞剂不常规应用于添加治疗,除非β受体阻滞剂不耐受或有禁忌证。
有创治疗或保守治疗的选择
一旦开始初始管理,就应该选择患者是采取有创方法还是采用无创方法。应根据患者的个体情况决定采用有创治疗或者药物治疗。[68]Topol EJ. A guide to therapeutic decision-making in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(4 suppl S):S123-S129.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12644350?tool=bestpractice.com指南推荐对高危患者在可能的情况下常规进行早期(12~24 h)冠状动脉造影和动脉造影指导下的血运重建,除非患者有严重的合并症,包括癌症或终末期肝脏疾病,或者有明显的临床禁忌证,如急性或慢性(慢性肾脏病4级或更高级)肾功能衰竭或多器官衰竭。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com[69]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Unstable angina and NSTEMI: early management. November 2013. https://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 28 July 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG94[70]Kolh P, Windecker S. ESC/EACTS myocardial revascularization guidelines 2014. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:3235-3236.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu422http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482397?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,有越来越多的新数据、系统评价以及专家意见质疑常规有创治疗对比选择性有创治疗的获益情况,特别是在低危患者中;这是非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死中正在发展的领域。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Hendel RC, Berman DS, Di Carli MF, et al. ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 appropriate use criteria for cardiac radionuclide imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Nuclear Medicine: endorsed by the American College of Emergency Physicians. Circulation. 2009;119:e561-e587.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/119/22/e561http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451357?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Qayyum R, Khalid MR, Adomaityte J, et al. Systematic review: comparing routine and selective invasive strategies for the acute coronary syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:186-196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18252682?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Fanning JP, Nyong J, Scott IA, et al. Routine invasive strategies versus selective invasive strategies for unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the stent era. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD004815.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004815.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27226069?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Damman P, van Geloven N, Wallentin L, et al. Timing of angiography with a routine invasive strategy and long-term outcomes in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from the FRISC II (Fragmin and Fast Revascularization During Instability in Coronary Artery Disease), ICTUS (Invasive Versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable Coronary Syndromes), and RITA-3 (Intervention Versus Conservative Treatment Strategy in Patients With Unstable Angina or Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:191-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361604?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Henderson RA, Jarvis C, Clayton T, et al. 10-Year mortality outcome of a routine invasive strategy versus a selective invasive strategy in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: The British Heart Foundation RITA-3 Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:511-520.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26227188?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Wallentin L, Lindhagen L, Ärnström E, et al. Early invasive versus non-invasive treatment in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (FRISC-II): 15 year follow-up of a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Lancet. 2016;388:1903-1911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27585757?tool=bestpractice.com
指南推荐在有以下高危特征的情况下,适宜进行有创治疗:[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/267.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320110?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do routine and selective invasive strategies compare for the treatment of unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1452/full显示答案
尽管采取了强化药物治疗,在休息或低强度活动下仍反复发作心绞痛或心肌缺血
与心肌梗死一致的心脏生物标志物(肌钙蛋白 T 或 I)水平升高和降低
新的或动态 ST-T 波改变
心力衰竭的体征或症状(肺水肿、S3 奔马律),或新出现或恶化的二尖瓣反流
无创检查有高危发现
血流动力学不稳定
危及生命的心律失常,如持续的室性心动过速或心脏停搏
6个月内曾行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗
曾行冠状动脉旁路移植术
高危评分(即TIMI、GRACE评分)
轻至中度肾功能不全
糖尿病
左心室功能下降(射血分数小于40%)。
需要注意的是,这些标准与死亡危险分层不完全一致。
对于部分患者,特别是没有以上高危特征、危险评分低的患者,可能适合采用保守的早期药物治疗策略。指南和资料建议,部分患者不能从早期有创治疗中获益,医生应谨慎考虑。[69]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Unstable angina and NSTEMI: early management. November 2013. https://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 28 July 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG94[70]Kolh P, Windecker S. ESC/EACTS myocardial revascularization guidelines 2014. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:3235-3236.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu422http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25482397?tool=bestpractice.com例如,对于低危的非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死女性患者,常规早期有创治疗并未显示出优于保守治疗。[77]O'Donoghue M, Boden WE, Braunwald E, et al. Early invasive vs conservative treatment strategies in women and men with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300:71-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18594042?tool=bestpractice.com虽然传统上许多临床试验不会纳入老年患者,但新出现的数据表明,该群体可从有创治疗策略中至少获得同等的益处。[78]Tegn N, Abdelnoor M, Aaberge L, et al.; After Eighty study investigators. Invasive versus conservative strategy in patients aged 80 years or older with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris (After Eighty study): an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1057-1065.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26794722?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Bach RG, Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, et al. The effect of routine, early invasive management on outcome for elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:186-195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15289215?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Devlin G, Gore JM, Elliott J, et al.; GRACE Investigators. Management and 6-month outcomes in elderly and very elderly patients with high-risk non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1275-1282.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn124http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387940?tool=bestpractice.com
有创方法
抗凝治疗(皮下注射低分子量肝素、静脉内应用普通肝素或其他药物如磺达肝癸钠或比伐卢定)应在刚诊断为非ST段抬高型心肌梗死的时候就开始应用。心肌梗死的预防:高质量证据提示低分子量肝素与普通肝素比较,能降低不稳定型心绞痛患者的心肌梗死发生率。该证据显示两种治疗的大出血发生率无差异。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。抗凝药与已经开始使用的抗血小板药物(即阿司匹林和一种P2Y12受体抑制剂)一起应用。如果磺达肝癸钠在冠状动脉造影或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中应用,指南建议加用普通肝素。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com如果有禁忌证,不应使用抗凝药:即有大出血、药物不良反应史或肝素诱导的血小板减少症史。降低死亡率:高质量证据表明普通肝素加阿司匹林与单独使用阿司匹林比较,能降低不稳定型心绞痛患者的7 d死亡率和心肌梗死发生率。长期随访提示两种治疗在12周时没有差异。与单独使用阿司匹林比较,普通肝素加阿司匹林不增加大出血风险。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
在诊断性血管造影之前(即上游),就应开始抗血小板和抗凝治疗。高危患者(例如肌钙蛋白阳性患者)可考虑三联抗血小板治疗,包括在一种 P2Y12 受体抑制剂、阿司匹林和抗凝药中增加静脉用 GP IIb/IIIa 抑制剂降低死亡率:高质量证据表明与安慰剂比较,静脉使用糖蛋白IIb/IIIa拮抗剂能降低不稳定型心绞痛患者6个月的死亡率或心肌梗死发生率。与安慰剂比较,糖蛋白IIb/IIIa拮抗剂与30 d大出血风险增加相关。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。;然而,高危出血患者应避免使用。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com虽然指南建议在 NSTEMI 中使用 GP IIb/IIIa 抑制剂,但其常规应用的最乐观的证据水平也较弱,特别是来自随机试验的结果有冲突。[81]Bolognese L. The emerging role of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in managing high-risk patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:1217-1226.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17559721?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Hernández AV, Westerhout CM, Steyerberg EW, et al. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: benefit and harm in different age subgroups. Heart. 2007;93:450-455.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1861476/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17065179?tool=bestpractice.com
经皮冠状动脉介入治疗包括血管造影联合支架置入或其他可以缓解冠状动脉狭窄或闭塞的新技术。[83]Smith SC, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2006;113:156-175.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/1/156http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391169?tool=bestpractice.com经皮冠状动脉介入治疗并发症包括介入治疗导致的心肌梗死,冠状动脉穿孔、夹层或破裂,心包压塞,恶性心律失常,胆固醇栓塞,以及入路部位出血。造影剂诱导的肾病是常见的潜在严重并发症,特别是在基线肾功能损害患者中。[84]McCullough PA, Adam A, Becker C, et al. Epidemiology and prognostic implications of contrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(suppl):5K-13K.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16949375?tool=bestpractice.com早期和晚期支架内血栓形成是灾难性的并发症。