密切监测与治疗是关键。住院患者随访应当安排在出院的第1至第2周。之后应安排每月随访。至少每6个月检测血脂水平,有心肌梗死或冠状动脉疾病的患者应达到低密度脂蛋白胆固醇<1.8 mmol/L (<70 mg/dl)。由临床医生判定是否需要心脏彩超随诊评价。但是,心脏超声对于评价和监测心室功能是必要的。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
帮助患者戒烟和促进体育活动非常重要。如果条件允许,心脏康复非常有帮助。应控制心理社会危险因素,如焦虑和抑郁。特别是抑郁与预后不良有关。[30]Lichtman JH, Froelicher ES, Blumenthal JA, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee of the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention and the Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. Depression as a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and recommendations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:1350-1369.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/12/1350.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566200?tool=bestpractice.com每次随访都应评估用药情况,以改善患者依从性,并达到最佳剂量。[1]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e139-e228.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260718?tool=bestpractice.com
接受了直接再灌注的患者,非致病血管发生中等程度狭窄(管腔狭窄50%~70%)是进一步无创负荷试验或影像学检查的唯一适应证。患者再灌注治疗后有反复缺血性疼痛,需在药物治疗后行血管造影,以评价是否有狭窄加重或闭塞。[83]Smith SC, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2006;113:156-175.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/1/156http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391169?tool=bestpractice.com
所有患者(无论是否置入支架)均应当使用 P2Y12 受体抑制剂长达 12 个月;只要能耐受,应长期每日使用低剂量阿司匹林。如果置入金属裸支架,该药物治疗应在支架置入后持续1个月,西罗莫司药物洗脱支架3个月,紫杉醇药物洗脱支架6个月,如果没有高出血风险,最好持续12个月。[83]Smith SC, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2006;113:156-175.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/1/156http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391169?tool=bestpractice.com来自几大卫生组织的科学建议说明了冠状动脉支架置入患者过早停用双联抗血小板药物的危险。[132]Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. Circulation. 2007;115:813-818.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/115/6/813http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17224480?tool=bestpractice.com