有过非ST段抬高型心肌梗死的患者远期事件致病和致死的危险增加。心肌梗死患者猝死率是普通人群的4~6倍。[120]Zaman S, Kovoor P. Sudden cardiac death early after myocardial infarction: pathogenesis, risk stratification, and primary prevention. Circulation. 2014;129:2426-2435.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/23/2426.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24914016?tool=bestpractice.com急性冠状动脉综合征后 48 小时发生的危及生命的室性心律失常(持续性 VT 或 VF)可能预示着预后不良,往往导致左心室功能障碍。对于有明显左心室功能障碍的患者,可植入式心脏复律除颤器在初级和次级预防中的益处已有良好证据。[121]Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DSN, et al; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1933-1940.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199612263352601#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8960472?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877-883.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa013474#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907286?tool=bestpractice.com根据目前的建议,应在出院后至少 40 天考虑植入心脏复律除颤器进行初级预防。[123]Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, et al; DINAMIT Investigators. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2481-2488.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa041489#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590950?tool=bestpractice.com
该风险差异很大,主要取决于患者的特点以及危险因素(糖尿病或吸烟)、是否出现心力衰竭、[124]Radovanovic D, Seifert B, Urban P, et al; AMIS Plus Investigators. Validity of Charlson Comorbidity Index in patients hospitalised with acute coronary syndrome. Insights from the nationwide AMIS Plus registry 2002-2012. Heart. 2014;100:288-294.http://heart.bmj.com/content/100/4/288.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24186563?tool=bestpractice.com梗死程度范围、给予的治疗(经皮冠状动脉介入治疗或冠状动脉旁路移植术)及对长期治疗的依从性(心脏康复、生活方式改变和药物治疗)。
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死的现代治疗,特别是他汀类药物和血运重建,能通过减少心源性休克、再发心肌梗死和死亡的发生降低发病率和死亡率。然而,急性冠状动脉综合征患者的年龄呈上升趋势,死亡率相应升高,抵消了前述治疗的获益。[125]Jeger RV, Radovanovic D, Hunziker PR, et al; AMIS Plus Registry Investigators. Ten-year trends in the incidence and treatment of cardiogenic shock. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:618-626.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18981487?tool=bestpractice.com
在药物治疗和血运重建应用之前,数据表明不给予治疗时,心肌梗死后心血管死亡的风险大约是每年 5%,出院后第一年的死亡率大约是 10%。药物治疗、生活方式改变以及心脏康复被证实有益,共同使用时,对于降低死亡率具有叠加效果。[126]Law MR, Watt HC, Wald NJ. The underlying risk of death after myocardial infarction in the absence of treatment. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2405-2410.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=214413http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12437397?tool=bestpractice.com