2017 年,全球约有 435,000 人因疟疾死亡。儿童是最易感人群,占到全球所有疟疾死亡病例的 61%。大多数死亡发生在非洲地区 (93%)。大多数死亡是由恶性疟原虫感染引起的。[7]World Health Organization. World malaria report. 2018 [internet publication].https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/report/en/
感染疟疾的旅行者中约有90%直到返回家园才发病。[130]Winters RA, Murray HW. Malaria - the mime revisited: fifteen more years of experience at a New York City teaching hospital. Am J Med. 1992 Sep;93(3):243-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1524074?tool=bestpractice.com 延误诊断和治疗会增加疟疾的发病率和死亡率,疟疾可以在36至48小时内从无临床症状进展到死亡。[130]Winters RA, Murray HW. Malaria - the mime revisited: fifteen more years of experience at a New York City teaching hospital. Am J Med. 1992 Sep;93(3):243-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1524074?tool=bestpractice.com 在接受疟疾治疗的无免疫旅行者中,死亡的主要原因是恶性疟原虫感染,死亡率范围从 0.4% 到 10% 不等。[131]Behrens RH, Curtis CF. Malaria in travellers: epidemiology and prevention. Br Med Bull. 1993 Apr;49(2):363-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8334497?tool=bestpractice.com 高达80%的脑型疟疾患者经过治疗可以恢复,但死亡率仍高达15%至20%。[132]White NJ. Not much progress in the treatment of cerebral malaria. Lancet. 1998 Aug 22;352(9128):594-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9746017?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Bruneel F, Tubach F, Corne P, et al. Severe imported falciparum malaria: a cohort study in 400 critically ill adults. PLoS One. 2010 Oct 8;5(10):e13236.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013236http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20949045?tool=bestpractice.com 撎角追糜褦(VFR)的旅行者死亡率明显低。
致死风险最高的人群是老年人、旅行者、孕妇、儿童(尤其是 5 岁以下儿童)以及在通常见不到疟疾的地区就诊的患者。[134]Checkley AM, Smith A, Smith V, et al. Risk factors for mortality from imported falciparum malaria in the United Kingdom over 20 years: an observational study. BMJ. 2012 Mar 27;344:e2116.http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e2116http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22454091?tool=bestpractice.com与死亡关联最密切的预后指标包括:肾衰竭、昏迷、低血糖、休克、深呼吸以及两次或多次惊厥发作。[135]Sypniewska P, Duda JF, Locatelli I, et al. Clinical and laboratory predictors of death in African children with features of severe malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2017 Aug 3;15(1):147.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541406/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28768513?tool=bestpractice.com
如果没有药物针对休眠子孢子,间日疟原虫或者卵形疟原虫的真性复发可能高达 15%。针对迟发性子孢子的治疗流程包括氯喹和伯安喹疗法。