酒精使用障碍是一种常见的精神障碍,在绝大多数西方国家中终生患病率为 7% 至 10%。[4]Rehm J, Room R, van den Brink W, et al. Alcohol use disorders in EU countries and Norway: an overview of the epidemiology. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Aug;15(4):377-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15925491?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Soyka M, Kranzler HR, Hesselbrock V, et al. Guidelines for biological treatment of substance use and related disorders, part 1: Alcoholism, first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Mar;18(2):86-119.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/Guidelines_for_biological_treatment_of_substance_use_and_related_disorders_part_1_Alcoholism_first_revision.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28006997?tool=bestpractice.com 男女发生率之比超过 2:1,但女性酗酒问题很可能报道不足。在 2001-2002 到 2012-2013 期间,美国 1 年内酒精使用障碍人群患病率(根据《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第 4 版 [DSM IV] 酒了精了了滥用和依赖的诊断标准)估计从 8.5% 增加到 12.7%。[6]Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Aug;72(8):757-66.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240584/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26039070?tool=bestpractice.com 因此美国当前符合酒精使用障碍诊断标准的人大约有 800 万。[7]Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, et al. The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004 Jun 11;74(3):223-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15194200?tool=bestpractice.com 初级医疗机构中酒精使用障碍的患病率为 20%-36%。[8]Fiellin DA, Reid MC, O'Connor PG. New therapies for alcohol problems. Am J Med. 2000 Feb 15;108(3):227-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723977?tool=bestpractice.com 酒精造成了明显的全球疾病死亡负担,据估计占全球死亡数的3.2%。研究表明,通过伤残调整生命年损失进行评估发现,酒精相关问题在资源短缺国家是最严重的。[4]Rehm J, Room R, van den Brink W, et al. Alcohol use disorders in EU countries and Norway: an overview of the epidemiology. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Aug;15(4):377-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15925491?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, et al. The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004 Jun 11;74(3):223-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15194200?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Fiellin DA, Reid MC, O'Connor PG. New therapies for alcohol problems. Am J Med. 2000 Feb 15;108(3):227-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10723977?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Hasin DS, Tsai WY, Endicott J, et al. Five-year course of major depression: effects of comorbid alcoholism. J Affect Disord. 1996 Nov 4;41(1):63-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8938207?tool=bestpractice.com