证据
- What are the effects of benzodiazepines in people with alcohol withdrawal?
显示答案 - How do different pharmacological interventions compare for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome?
显示答案 - What are the effects of brief interventions in heavy alcohol users admitted to general hospital wards?
显示答案 - What are the effects of opioid antagonists in people with alcohol dependence?
显示答案 - Can acamprosate (with or without naltrexone) support continued abstinence after detoxification in alcohol-dependent people?
显示答案
证据评分
-
证据 A
减少危险性饮酒：有高质量证据表明，与筛查联合信息手册相比，筛查联合单次基于网络的动机性干预可更好地减少危险性饮酒。[29]Kypri K, Langley JD, Saunders JB, et al. Randomized controlled trial of web-based alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Mar 10;168(5):530-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18332300?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者＞200名的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。
减少危险性饮酒：有高质量证据表明，与筛查联合信息手册相比，筛查联合单次基于网络的动机性干预可更好地减少危险性饮酒。[29]Kypri K, Langley JD, Saunders JB, et al. Randomized controlled trial of web-based alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Mar 10;168(5):530-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18332300?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 减少饮酒量：高质量证据表明初级医疗机构内的简短干预对减少饮酒量比常规护理更有效。[58]Kaner EF, Beyer FR, Muirhead C, et al. Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 24;(2):CD004148.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004148.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29476653?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者＞200名的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。减少饮酒量：高质量证据表明初级医疗机构内的简短干预对减少饮酒量比常规护理更有效。[58]Kaner EF, Beyer FR, Muirhead C, et al. Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 24;(2):CD004148.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004148.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29476653?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 A 酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有高质量证据表明，与安慰剂相比，托吡酯可以减轻酗酒者的渴求和戒断症状，并显著改善他们的躯体和社会心理状态。[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL, et al. Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003 May 17;361(9370):1677-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12767733?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, et al. Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007 Oct 10;298(14):1641-51.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/298/14/1641http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17925516?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, et al. Improvement of physical health and quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals with topiramate treatment: US multisite randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jun 9;168(11):1188-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541827?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Shinn AK, Greenfield SF. Topiramate in the treatment of substance-related disorders: a critical review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 May;71(5):634-48.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736141/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361908?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Kenna GA, Lomastro TL, Schiesl A, et al. Review of topiramate: an antiepileptic for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2009 May;2(2):135-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630744?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者＞200名的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有高质量证据表明，与安慰剂相比，托吡酯可以减轻酗酒者的渴求和戒断症状，并显著改善他们的躯体和社会心理状态。[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL, et al. Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003 May 17;361(9370):1677-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12767733?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, et al. Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007 Oct 10;298(14):1641-51.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/298/14/1641http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17925516?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, et al. Improvement of physical health and quality of life of alcohol-dependent individuals with topiramate treatment: US multisite randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jun 9;168(11):1188-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541827?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Shinn AK, Greenfield SF. Topiramate in the treatment of substance-related disorders: a critical review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 May;71(5):634-48.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736141/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361908?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Kenna GA, Lomastro TL, Schiesl A, et al. Review of topiramate: an antiepileptic for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2009 May;2(2):135-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630744?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：中等质量证据表明纳曲酮（口服和缓释）对酒精依赖患者有效。 [52]Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peter L, et al. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;26(7):899-952.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628390?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, Leggio L, et al. How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: a review. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15741745?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Addolorato G, Armuzzi A, Gasbarrini G, et al. Pharmacological approaches to the management of alcohol addiction. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2002 Sep-Oct;6(5):89-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12776801?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Anton RF, O'Malley SS, Ciraulo DA, et al. Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006 May 3;295(17):2003-17.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/295/17/2003.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16670409?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Bogenschutz MP, Scott Tonigan J, Pettinati HM. Effects of alcoholism typology on response to naltrexone in the COMBINE study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 Jan;33(1):10-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626136/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18828797?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者＞200名的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：中等质量证据表明纳曲酮（口服和缓释）对酒精依赖患者有效。 [52]Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peter L, et al. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;26(7):899-952.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628390?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, Leggio L, et al. How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: a review. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15741745?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Addolorato G, Armuzzi A, Gasbarrini G, et al. Pharmacological approaches to the management of alcohol addiction. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2002 Sep-Oct;6(5):89-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12776801?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Anton RF, O'Malley SS, Ciraulo DA, et al. Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006 May 3;295(17):2003-17.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/295/17/2003.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16670409?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Bogenschutz MP, Scott Tonigan J, Pettinati HM. Effects of alcoholism typology on response to naltrexone in the COMBINE study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 Jan;33(1):10-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626136/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18828797?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 纳曲酮疗效预测：有中等质量证据表明，纳曲酮效果受到 μ 阿片类受体基因 (OPPM1) 变异的调节，酗酒患者特定的临床类型（例如早发 vs 晚发）对纳曲酮疗效也有预测效果。这些结果可能对治疗选择有帮助。[76]Bogenschutz MP, Scott Tonigan J, Pettinati HM. Effects of alcoholism typology on response to naltrexone in the COMBINE study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 Jan;33(1):10-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626136/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18828797?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Anton RF, Oroszi G, O'Malley S, et al. An evaluation of mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) as a predictor of naltrexone response in the treatment of alcohol dependence: results from the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence (COMBINE) study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;65(2):135-44.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666924/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18250251?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Ooteman W, Naassila M, Koeter MW, et al. Predicting the effect of naltrexone and acamprosate in alcohol-dependent patients using genetic indicators. Addict Biol. 2009 Jul;14(3):328-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19523047?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Ray LA, Hutchison KE. Effects of naltrexone on alcohol sensitivity and genetic moderators of medication response: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;64(9):1069-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17768272?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Gueorguieva R, Wu R, Pittman B, et al. New insights into the efficacy of naltrexone based on trajectory-based reanalyses of two negative clinical trials. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jun 1;61(11):1290-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1952242/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17224132?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者＞200名的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。纳曲酮疗效预测：有中等质量证据表明，纳曲酮效果受到 μ 阿片类受体基因 (OPPM1) 变异的调节，酗酒患者特定的临床类型（例如早发 vs 晚发）对纳曲酮疗效也有预测效果。这些结果可能对治疗选择有帮助。[76]Bogenschutz MP, Scott Tonigan J, Pettinati HM. Effects of alcoholism typology on response to naltrexone in the COMBINE study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 Jan;33(1):10-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626136/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18828797?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Anton RF, Oroszi G, O'Malley S, et al. An evaluation of mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) as a predictor of naltrexone response in the treatment of alcohol dependence: results from the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence (COMBINE) study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;65(2):135-44.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666924/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18250251?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Ooteman W, Naassila M, Koeter MW, et al. Predicting the effect of naltrexone and acamprosate in alcohol-dependent patients using genetic indicators. Addict Biol. 2009 Jul;14(3):328-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19523047?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Ray LA, Hutchison KE. Effects of naltrexone on alcohol sensitivity and genetic moderators of medication response: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;64(9):1069-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17768272?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Gueorguieva R, Wu R, Pittman B, et al. New insights into the efficacy of naltrexone based on trajectory-based reanalyses of two negative clinical trials. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jun 1;61(11):1290-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1952242/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17224132?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有中等质量证据表明阿坎酸联合社会心理行为治疗对已经停酒的酒精依赖患者有促进维持戒酒的效果。[86]Rösner S, Hackl-Herrwerth A, Leucht S, et al. Acamprosate for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD004332.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004332/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20824837?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者＞200名的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有中等质量证据表明阿坎酸联合社会心理行为治疗对已经停酒的酒精依赖患者有促进维持戒酒的效果。[86]Rösner S, Hackl-Herrwerth A, Leucht S, et al. Acamprosate for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD004332.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004332/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20824837?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有中等质量证据表明昂丹司琼是酒精依赖患者的有效治疗药物。该证据仅限于早发（25岁以前）型酗酒患者。[52]Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peter L, et al. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;26(7):899-952.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628390?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, Leggio L, et al. How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: a review. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15741745?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, et al. Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000 Aug 23-30;284(8):963-71.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/284/8/963.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10944641?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者＞200名的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有中等质量证据表明昂丹司琼是酒精依赖患者的有效治疗药物。该证据仅限于早发（25岁以前）型酗酒患者。[52]Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peter L, et al. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;26(7):899-952.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628390?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, Leggio L, et al. How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: a review. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15741745?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, et al. Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000 Aug 23-30;284(8):963-71.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/284/8/963.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10944641?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 B 酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有中等质量证据表明巴氯芬是酒精依赖患者的有效治疗药物。在有肝硬化的酒精依赖患者中，也有良好的安全性。[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, Leggio L, et al. How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: a review. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15741745?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Addolorato G, Leggio L, Abenavoli L, et al. Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a comparative study vs diazepam. Am J Med. 2006 Mar;119(3):276.e13-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16490478?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, et al. Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake: a preliminary double-blind randomized controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002 Sep-Oct;37(5):504-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12217947?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Addolorato G, Leggio L, Agabio R, et al. Baclofen: a new drug for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Int J Clin Pract. 2006 Aug;60(8):1003-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16893442?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet. 2007 Dec 8;370(9603):1915-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068515?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者＞200名的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有中等质量证据表明巴氯芬是酒精依赖患者的有效治疗药物。在有肝硬化的酒精依赖患者中，也有良好的安全性。[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, Leggio L, et al. How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: a review. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15741745?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Addolorato G, Leggio L, Abenavoli L, et al. Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a comparative study vs diazepam. Am J Med. 2006 Mar;119(3):276.e13-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16490478?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, et al. Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake: a preliminary double-blind randomized controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002 Sep-Oct;37(5):504-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12217947?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Addolorato G, Leggio L, Agabio R, et al. Baclofen: a new drug for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Int J Clin Pract. 2006 Aug;60(8):1003-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16893442?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet. 2007 Dec 8;370(9603):1915-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068515?tool=bestpractice.com
证据 C 酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有低质量证据表明 SSRI 是治疗酒精依赖患者的有效药物。有部分证据认为特定类型的酒精依赖患者使用后可能获益。[52]Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peter L, et al. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;26(7):899-952.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628390?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, Leggio L, et al. How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: a review. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15741745?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Pettinati HM, Volpicelli JR, Kranzler HR, et al. Sertraline treatment for alcohol dependence: interactive effects of medication and alcoholic subtype. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000 Jul;24(7):1041-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10924008?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Brown J, et al. Fluoxetine treatment seems to reduce the beneficial effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy in type B alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996 Dec;20(9):1534-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8986200?tool=bestpractice.com 系统评价或者受试者＞200名的随机对照临床试验（RCT）。酒精依赖预防复发/促进戒酒：有低质量证据表明 SSRI 是治疗酒精依赖患者的有效药物。有部分证据认为特定类型的酒精依赖患者使用后可能获益。[52]Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peter L, et al. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jul;26(7):899-952.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628390?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Swift R. Emerging approaches to managing alcohol dependence. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Mar 1;64(5 suppl 3):S12-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322178?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, Leggio L, et al. How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: a review. Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(2):59-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15741745?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Heilig M, Egli M. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;111(3):855-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16545872?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Pettinati HM, Volpicelli JR, Kranzler HR, et al. Sertraline treatment for alcohol dependence: interactive effects of medication and alcoholic subtype. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000 Jul;24(7):1041-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10924008?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Brown J, et al. Fluoxetine treatment seems to reduce the beneficial effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy in type B alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996 Dec;20(9):1534-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8986200?tool=bestpractice.com
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