α-地中海贫血隐性基因携带者和α-地中海贫血特性
α-地中海贫血隐性基因携带者(有 1 个异常α-珠蛋白基因)一般 Hb 水平正常,α-地中海贫血特性(有 2 个异常α-珠蛋白基因)的患者可能轻度贫血但无症状。应避免对此类患者进行非必要的且对身体有潜在伤害的铁剂补充治疗,此外,应为其提供宣教,特别是遗传咨询相关的内容。只有经标准诊断方法确诊存在铁缺乏时(血清铁、铁传递蛋白饱和度、血清铁蛋白),才能对其行铁剂治疗。
纯合子 Hb 康斯坦特斯普瑞 (Hb CS/CS):对于 Hb 康斯坦特斯普瑞(α-地中海贫血特性的一个子型)纯合子患者,其临床表型比基因缺失性α(+) 地中海贫血的纯合子患者更为严重。此类患者有轻度贫血症状,且其 MCV 值正常、而 MCH 结果略低,并常有黄疸和脾肿大。[7]Pootrakul P, Winichagoon P, Fucharoen S, et al. Homozygous haemoglobin Constant Spring: a need for revision of concept. Hum Genet. 1981;59:250-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7327587?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠可导致的血浆容量增加相对大于红细胞量增加,从而使得 Hb 值减少 10 到 15 g/L(1 至 1.5 g/dL),在约妊娠 30 周时达到最低点。[9]Higgs DR, Bowden DK. Clinical and laboratory features of the alpha-thalassemia syndromes. In: Steinberg M, Forget B, Higgs DR, et al., eds. Disorders of hemoglobin. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2001:431-469.在α-地中海贫血特性中,Hb 值通常不会下降到低于 90 g/L (9 g/dL),所以通常不需对此类患者行干预治疗。[9]Higgs DR, Bowden DK. Clinical and laboratory features of the alpha-thalassemia syndromes. In: Steinberg M, Forget B, Higgs DR, et al., eds. Disorders of hemoglobin. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2001:431-469.
Hb H 病
虽然 Hb H 病之前被认为是良性疾病,但 Hb H 病患者还是有患并发症的风险,包括短暂发作性重度贫血(继发于由于药物或疾病导致的氧化压力增加)、由细小病毒 B19 或其他病毒性感染引起的再生障碍性危象、胆石症、腿部溃疡、脾肿大、钙和维生素 D 缺乏和生长迟缓。[5]Chen FE, Ooi C, Ha SY, et al. Genetic and clinical features of hemoglobin H disease in Chinese patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:544-550.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200008243430804http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10954762?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Chui DH, Fucharoen S, Chan V. Hemoglobin H disease: not necessarily a benign disorder. Blood. 2003;101:791-800.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12393486?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Vichinsky EP. Clinical manifestations of α-thalassemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013;3:a011742.http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/content/3/5/a011742.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543077?tool=bestpractice.comHb H CS 患者发生感染相关性贫血的风险较高,并且如果此症一旦发生,则需对患者行紧急红细胞输注治疗。[56]Lal A, Goldrich ML, Haines DA, et al. Heterogeneity of hemoglobin H disease in childhood. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:710-718.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1010174#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345100?tool=bestpractice.com因此,应嘱咐患者及其家人,当发现有疲乏增加、呼吸急促、黄疸或小便黄赤症状时,应及时寻求相关的医疗救助。在 G6PD 缺乏者,应避免服用可导致氧化损伤药物,如磺胺类药和呋喃妥因。[57]Beutler E. G6PD deficiency. Blood. 1994;84:3613-3636.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/reprint/84/11/3613http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7949118?tool=bestpractice.com对于此类患者,应给予无铁的多种维他命剂和口服叶酸补充剂。[55]Vichinsky EP. Clinical manifestations of α-thalassemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013;3:a011742.http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/content/3/5/a011742.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543077?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数有 Hb H 病、甚至是无长期红细胞输注史的患者,其病情随着时间的发展,都可产生铁过载现象。[5]Chen FE, Ooi C, Ha SY, et al. Genetic and clinical features of hemoglobin H disease in Chinese patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:544-550.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200008243430804http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10954762?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Hsu HC, Lin CK, Tsay SH, et al. Iron overload in Chinese patients with hemoglobin H disease. Am J Hematol. 1990;34:287-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2368695?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Tso SC, Loh TT, Chen WW, et al. Iron overload in thalassaemic patients in Hong Kong. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1984;13:487-490.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6517514?tool=bestpractice.com在较年轻时即可出现铁过载现象,且此症状在无基因缺失性 Hb H 病的患者中比在基因缺失性 Hb H 病的患者中表现的更为严重。[56]Lal A, Goldrich ML, Haines DA, et al. Heterogeneity of hemoglobin H disease in childhood. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:710-718.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1010174#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345100?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Yin XL, Zhang XH, Zhou TH, et al. Hemoglobin H disease in Guangxi province, Southern China: clinical review of 357 patients. Acta Haematol. 2010;124:86-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20639625?tool=bestpractice.com通过红细胞生成和其他因素抑制铁调素[60]Kattamis A, Papassotiriou I, Palaiologou D, et al. The effects of erythropoetic activity and iron burden on hepcidin expression in patients with thalassemia major. Haematologica. 2006;91:809-812.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16769583?tool=bestpractice.com可导致铁吸收量增加,[61]Lin CK, Lin JS, Jiang ML. Iron absorption is increased in hemoglobin H diseases. Am J Hematol. 1992;40:74-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566754?tool=bestpractice.com及网状内皮组织的铁含量释放增加。[62]Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K, et al; Thalassaemia International Federation. Guidelines for the management of non transfusion dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190453/血清铁蛋白水平可能并不能准确反映肝铁浓度。[56]Lal A, Goldrich ML, Haines DA, et al. Heterogeneity of hemoglobin H disease in childhood. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:710-718.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1010174#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345100?tool=bestpractice.com铁过载可导致肝脏、内分泌、血管及心脏并发症(较少见)。[5]Chen FE, Ooi C, Ha SY, et al. Genetic and clinical features of hemoglobin H disease in Chinese patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:544-550.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200008243430804http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10954762?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K, et al; Thalassaemia International Federation. Guidelines for the management of non transfusion dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190453/铁贮备可通过血清铁蛋白检测,肝铁定量可通过 MRI、超导量子干涉仪或肝活检检测。[39]Wood JC. Diagnosis and management of transfusion iron overload: the role of imaging. Am J Hematol. 2007;82:1132-1135.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajh.21099/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17963249?tool=bestpractice.com尽管在α-地中海贫血患者的数据有限,但肝铁浓度≥5 mg Fe/g 干重的非输血依赖性中间型 β-地中海贫血患者,并发微血管事件、甲状腺功能减退症、骨质疏松症和性腺机能减退症的风险较高。[62]Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K, et al; Thalassaemia International Federation. Guidelines for the management of non transfusion dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190453/[63]Musallam KM, Cappellini MD, Taher AT. Evaluation of the 5mg/g liver iron concentration threshold and its association with morbidity in patients with β-thalassemia intermedia. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2013;51:35-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23425967?tool=bestpractice.com血清铁蛋白水平≥1797.6 pmol/L (800 ng/mL) 可能与肝铁浓度≥5 mg Fe/g 干重有关。[62]Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K, et al; Thalassaemia International Federation. Guidelines for the management of non transfusion dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190453/[64]Taher A, Porter J, Viprakasit V, et al. Estimation of liver iron concentration by serum ferritin measurement in non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients: analysis from the 1-year THALASSA study. Haematologica. 2012;97(s1):383.http://www.haematologica.org/content/97/supplement_1/haematol_97_s1.full.pdf较严重的α-地中海贫血患者有较高的铁过载风险,例如,Hb H 病患者,此类患者的铁水平应定期监测。血清铁蛋白水平可每 3 个月监测一次,而肝铁定量则可通过 MRI 或其他技术每 1 至 2 年监测一次。[62]Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K, et al; Thalassaemia International Federation. Guidelines for the management of non transfusion dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190453/
铁螯合治疗的目的是预防继发于铁过载的终末器官损伤。对无输血依赖的地中海贫血症患者,当其肝铁浓度达到 5 mg Fe/g 干重,或肝铁浓度检测不可用且其血清铁蛋白达到 1797.6 pmol/L (800 ng/mL) 时,根据当前的指南,推荐对其行铁螯合治疗。[62]Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K, et al; Thalassaemia International Federation. Guidelines for the management of non transfusion dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190453/关于指导铁螯合治疗在α-地中海贫血和铁过载患者中的应用数据有限。目前有两种口服铁螯合剂:地拉罗司和去铁酮,以及一种肠外铁螯合剂:去铁胺,此三种药都是美国当前临床用药。在一项安慰剂对照的双盲试验中,对于通过 R2-MRI 测量的肝铁浓度至少为 5 mg Fe/g 干重、且≥10 岁的非输血依赖型地中海贫血患者(其中 22 人患有α-地中海贫血),随机给予初始剂量为 5 mg/kg 或 10 mg/kg 的口服铁螯合剂地拉罗司,或安慰剂,允许高铁含量的剂量递增。[65]Taher AT, Porter J, Viprakasit V, et al. Deferasirox reduces iron overload significantly in nontransfusion-dependent thalassemia: 1-year results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Blood. 2012;120:970-977.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/120/5/970.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22589472?tool=bestpractice.com在基线时,其平均血清铁蛋白水平接近 2247 pmol/L (1000 ng/mL),且有超过 3/4 的患者的肝铁浓度超过 7 mg Fe/g 干重。与对照组相比,2 个试验组的血清铁蛋白和肝铁浓度都有显著下降;5 mg/kg组约 25%、 10 mg/kg 组约 50% 在 1 年后的随访中,肝铁浓度下降了至少 30%。最常见的不良反应有恶心、皮疹和腹泻。在之后的扩展研究中,对于服用地拉罗司超过 2 年的患者,其肝铁浓度水平还有继续下降。[66]Taher AT, Porter JB, Viprakasit V, et al. Deferasirox effectively reduces iron overload in non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT) patients: 1-year extension results from the THALASSA study. Ann Hematol. 2013;92:1485-1493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3790249/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775581?tool=bestpractice.com对于肝铁浓度结果≥5 mg Fe/g 干重、血清铁蛋白水平>674.1 pmol/L (300 ng/mL)、且≥10 岁的非输血依赖型地中海贫血患者,美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 已经批准可用地拉罗司。地拉罗司的药品包装上有标明其相关的服用风险警告,如肾衰竭、肝衰竭和胃肠出血。[67]US Food and Drug Administration. Exjade (deferasirox): boxed warning. http://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021882s019lbl.pdf其他副作用包括听觉和视觉损害、剂量依赖性皮疹和骨髓抑制。
目前也有关于口服铁螯合剂去铁酮治疗α-地中海贫血的研究。在一项对有 Hb H 病、血清铁蛋白>2022.3 pmol/L (900 μg/L) 、非输血依赖型的 17 名中国成人患者的研究中,给患者去铁酮进行治疗,结果发现其血清铁蛋白水平(在 18 个月时,从平均值为 3352.5 pmol/L [1492 μg/L] 降到平均值为 1166.2 pmol/L [519 μg/L])有显著下降,且在肝脏 MRI 检查中,发现 T2 信号强度比值增加,提示肝铁含量有所下降。[68]Chan JC, Chim CS, Ooi CG, et al. Use of the oral chelator deferiprone in the treatment of iron overload in patients with Hb H disease. Br J Haematol. 2006;133:198-205.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.05984.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611312?tool=bestpractice.com对于地中海贫血患者由输血产生铁超负荷症的、且目前的螯合作用不足的患者,美国 FDA 已批准此类患者将去铁酮作为二线治疗药物使用,尽管此药确实显示出有较好的心脏铁清除作用。比较去铁酮和去铁胺的 meta 分析显示,在使用去铁酮后,患者的心肌铁含量和左心室射血分数可有显著提高。[69]Xia S, Zhang W, Huang L, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of deferoxamine, deferiprone and deferasirox on severe thalassemia: a meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013;8:e82662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3871701/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24376563?tool=bestpractice.com去铁酮的最严重的副作用是可导致粒性白细胞缺乏症,在接受治疗时,应对对全血细胞计数及分类每周一次密切监测。第三类铁螯合剂去铁胺,已被投入临床使用超过 40 年。此药的半衰期极短,且必须以缓慢的皮下或静脉输注方式给药,限制了患者对其的使用,从而影响了患者的依从性。但是,去铁胺可有效减少肝脏[70]Cappellini MD, Cohen A, Piga A, et al. A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients with beta-thalassemia. Blood. 2006;107:3455-3462.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/107/9/3455.long?sso-checked=truehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16352812?tool=bestpractice.com和心脏的铁含量。[71]Anderson LJ, Westwood MA, Holden S, et al. Myocardial iron clearance during reversal of siderotic cardiomyopathy with intravenous desferrioxamine: a prospective study using T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:348-355.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15491298?tool=bestpractice.com
非基因缺失性 Hb H 患者(如 Hb H/康斯坦特斯普瑞),常有更严重的临床发病过程,并且被诊断时的年龄更年轻,临床症状更多,脾肿大程度更严重,而且可能比基因缺失性 Hb H 的患者更需要输血治疗。[5]Chen FE, Ooi C, Ha SY, et al. Genetic and clinical features of hemoglobin H disease in Chinese patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:544-550.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200008243430804http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10954762?tool=bestpractice.com一报告指出,有 1/3 的非基因缺失性 Hb H 的患者需要接受定期输血治疗。[10]Vichinsky EP, MacKlin EA, Waye JS, et al. Changes in the epidemiology of thalassemia in North America: a new minority disease. Pediatrics. 2005;116:e818-e825.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/116/6/e818http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16291734?tool=bestpractice.com
脾切除术
如果患者的病情发展为有疼痛症状出现的脾肿大、脾功能亢进且合并有全血细胞减少症、对输血的需求增加、因不断恶化的贫血症而导致生长发育迟缓、或无法进行输血或铁螯合治疗,则应考虑行脾脏切除治疗。[62]Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K, et al; Thalassaemia International Federation. Guidelines for the management of non transfusion dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190453/[72]Schrier S. New treatment options for thalassemia. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2004;2:783-784.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16166954?tool=bestpractice.com然而,此项治疗之前,应进行仔细斟酌潜在的严重并发症,包括:感染、血栓和肺动脉高压。[73]Kopterides P, Tsangaris I, Orfanos S. Do not forget pulmonary hypertension in asplenic patients. Am J Med. 2008;121:21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18954828?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Phrommintikul A, Sukonthasarn A, Kanjanavanit R, et al. Splenectomy: a strong risk factor for pulmonary hypertension in patients with thalassaemia. Heart. 2006;92:1467-1472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16621878?tool=bestpractice.com可使用抗血小板药可使脾切除后并发的血栓风险降到最小。[38]Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center. Standards of care guidelines for thalassemia. 2012. http://thalassemia.com/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://thalassemia.com/SOC/index.aspx[75]Cohen AR, Galanello R, Pennell DJ, et al. Thalassemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2004:14-34.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2004/1/14http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15561674?tool=bestpractice.com患者应在脾切除术前接种肺炎球菌、脑膜炎球菌和流感嗜血杆菌疫苗。脾切除术后,应对儿童患者行青霉素预防治疗。[38]Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center. Standards of care guidelines for thalassemia. 2012. http://thalassemia.com/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://thalassemia.com/SOC/index.aspx应告知患者与脾切除后脓毒症的风险,出现发热症状时,应立即对其行医疗评估。接受脾切除术治疗的患者,胆石症的风险增加,因此,可能还需要同时行胆囊切除术。[62]Taher A, Vichinsky E, Musallam K, et al; Thalassaemia International Federation. Guidelines for the management of non transfusion dependent thalassaemia (NTDT). 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190453/
输血
较少部分患者可能需要长期输血治疗,对于此类患者,应将其送至有相关专业技术的地中海贫血症治疗中心进行更进一步的评估和治疗。[38]Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center. Standards of care guidelines for thalassemia. 2012. http://thalassemia.com/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://thalassemia.com/SOC/index.aspx在决定进行长期输血计划之前,应对多种情况进行评估,例如贫血严重程度、患者的心血管病情和相关并发症。在进行输血前,应对患者行红细胞抗原表型检测,并且应对患者输注配型相合的血液,从而使发生同种异体免疫的风险降至最小。[76]Singer ST, Wu V, Mignacca R, et al. Alloimmunization and erythrocyte autoimmunization in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients of predominantly Asian descent. Blood. 2000;96:3369-3373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11071629?tool=bestpractice.com应对患者密切监测铁过载,而且重型 β-地中海贫血症状出现时,应给以铁鳌合治疗。[38]Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center. Standards of care guidelines for thalassemia. 2012. http://thalassemia.com/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://thalassemia.com/SOC/index.aspx[72]Schrier S. New treatment options for thalassemia. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2004;2:783-784.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16166954?tool=bestpractice.com同时应对心脏、内分泌和肝脏功能进行密切监测。[38]Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center. Standards of care guidelines for thalassemia. 2012. http://thalassemia.com/ (last accessed 11 April 2017).http://thalassemia.com/SOC/index.aspx[77]Cogliandro T, Derchi G, Mancuso L, et al; Society for the Study of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathies (SoSTE). Guideline recommendations for heart complications in thalassemia major. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2008;9:515-525.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18404006?tool=bestpractice.com
造血干细胞移植
妊娠
妊娠可导致的血浆容量增加相对大于红细胞量增加,从而使得 Hb 值减少 10 到 15 g/L(1 至 1.5 g/dL),在约妊娠 30 周时达到最低点。[9]Higgs DR, Bowden DK. Clinical and laboratory features of the alpha-thalassemia syndromes. In: Steinberg M, Forget B, Higgs DR, et al., eds. Disorders of hemoglobin. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2001:431-469.对于有 Hb H 病、但无铁过载症状的女性患者,应与无地中海贫血症的妊娠女性一样,服用相同的产前营养补剂;然而,对此类患者密切随访,而且有可能需要输血治疗,特别是当其 Hb 下降至低于 80 g/L (8 g/dL) 时。
Hb Bart 胎儿水肿
α-珠蛋白基因簇由一个胚胎ζ-珠蛋白基因和两个共同表达的α-珠蛋白基因(命名为α-2 和α-1)组成。在最常见的α(0) 变异体中,--(SEA)、--(MED) 和 -(alpha)(20.5) 可导致α-2 和α-1 在顺式作用下共同缺失,同时保留胚胎ζ-珠蛋白基因。而在 --(THAI) 和 --(FIL) 缺失中,于顺式作用下,除了两个α-珠蛋白基因之外,ζ-珠蛋白基因也缺失。因此,对于有纯合子 --(THAI) 和 --(FIL) 缺失的胚胎,由于不能生成正常的胚胎血红蛋白,于妊娠早期就会死亡,形成早期流产。[13]Chui DH, Waye JS. Hydrops fetalis caused by alpha-thalassemia: an emerging health care problem. Blood. 1998;91:2213-2222.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516118?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有纯合子α(0) 变异体(保留有ζ-珠蛋白基因)、(--(FIL)/--(SEA) 或 --(THAI)/--(SEA))基因型的患者,胚胎可存活至妊娠中期或晚期,或者偶尔可存活至出生。有严重缺氧倾向,会导致胎儿水肿。[13]Chui DH, Waye JS. Hydrops fetalis caused by alpha-thalassemia: an emerging health care problem. Blood. 1998;91:2213-2222.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516118?tool=bestpractice.com这类婴儿可能通过宫内输血支持继续存活,但仍有患重度先天性畸形的风险。[13]Chui DH, Waye JS. Hydrops fetalis caused by alpha-thalassemia: an emerging health care problem. Blood. 1998;91:2213-2222.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516118?tool=bestpractice.com罕见情况下,Hb H 病患者也可能出现胎儿水肿。[78]Lorey F, Charoenkwan P, Witkowska HE, et al. Hb H hydrops foetalis syndrome: a case report and review of literature. Br J Haematol. 2001;115:72-78.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03080.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11722414?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Henderson S, Pitman M, McCarthy J, et al. Molecular prenatal diagnosis of Hb H hydrops fetalis caused by haemoglobin Adana and the implications to antenatal screening for alpha-thalassaemia. Prenat Diagn. 2008;28:859-861.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615546?tool=bestpractice.com胎儿水肿的母亲严重并发症的发病增加,可包括胎盘肥大、高血压、重度先兆子痫及出血症状。[13]Chui DH, Waye JS. Hydrops fetalis caused by alpha-thalassemia: an emerging health care problem. Blood. 1998;91:2213-2222.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516118?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Liang ST, Wong VC, So WW, et al. Homozygous alpha-thalassaemia: clinical presentation, diagnosis and management: a review of 46 cases. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92:680-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4016025?tool=bestpractice.com如果胎儿被确诊为 Hb Bart 胎儿水肿,其母亲可能会选择终止妊娠。对并发症进行适当的治疗,以及为母体提供支持治疗是非常重要的。