无症状人群
对于一般人群,没有推荐的卵巢癌筛查。详细了解家族史有助于识别风险较高的患者,但是目前没有常规的筛查。此外,美国医师协会 (American College of Physicians) 不推荐对无症状非妊娠女性进行筛查性盆腔检查。[41]Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Harris R, et al. Screening pelvic examination in adult women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:67-72.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1884537http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979451?tool=bestpractice.com目前,多数采用CA125或经阴道超声来识别早期疾病的筛查检查的效果欠佳,假阳性率较高,可导致无症状女性接受非必要手术,并且不能诊断早期疾病。[42]Jacobs I, Davies AP, Bridges J, et al. Prevalence screening for ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women by CA125 measurement and ultrasonography. BMJ. 1993;306:1030-1034.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8490497?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Partridge E, Kreimer AR, Greenlee RT, et al. Results from four rounds of ovarian cancer screening in a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:775-782.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19305319?tool=bestpractice.com英国卵巢癌筛查合作试验 (UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening, UKCTOCS) 的结果表明,与仅用超声相比, CA125联合超声检查的特异性增高,但是尚不确定哪种筛查方法最合适。美国一项关于78,000多名年龄55-74岁患者研究显示,CA125和经阴道超声检查不能降低此筛查人群的卵巢癌死亡率。[44]Buys SS, Partridge E, Black A, et al. Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2011;305:2295-2303.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=900666http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642681?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项研究中,对绝经后患者进行连续的CA125检测,然后依据卵巢癌风险分级方案 (Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm, ROCA),将患者分为低风险、中风险和高风险3组。[45]Skates SJ. Ovarian cancer screening: development of the risk of ovarian cancer algorithm (ROCA) and ROCA screening trials. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2012;22(suppl 1):S24-S26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572791/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543916?tool=bestpractice.com在此项为期11年针对4000多名患者的研究中,该风险分级方案的特异性为99.9%,阳性预测值为40%。尽管需要更多的数据来证实该方案能否延长患者的生存时间,但这些初步结果令人振奋。[46]Lu KH, Skates S, Hernandez MA, et al. A 2-stage ovarian cancer screening strategy using the Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm (ROCA) identifies early-stage incident cancers and demonstrates high positive predictive value. Cancer. 2013;119:3454-3461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983047?tool=bestpractice.com
目前不推荐对无症状人群进行卵巢癌筛查。[47]Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Hallett R, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of multimodal and ultrasound screening for ovarian cancer, and stage distribution of detected cancers: results of the prevalence screen of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:327-340.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282241?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for ovarian cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:900-904.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1357339http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22964825?tool=bestpractice.com
高风险筛查
对于有乳腺癌和/或卵巢癌强烈家族史的女性,应当检测BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变,以及与遗传性非息肉性结直肠癌 (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, HNPCC) 相关的基因突变。在筛查这些高风险女性的效果方面,数据有限,不过,专家组推荐,应考虑每6个月进行一次盆腔超声检查联合CA125水平检测(美国国立综合癌症网络 [Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN] 实践指南)。目前,预防性双侧附件切除术和口服避孕药仍然是降低该人群风险的仅有方法。[49]Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME, et al. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutation. New Engl J Med. 2002;346:1609-1615.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa020119#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023992?tool=bestpractice.com[50]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 89. Elective and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111:231-241.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18165419?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者不愿意接受该手术,那么CA125检测、每年2次的盆腔检查以及未知时间间隔的经阴道超声可作为潜在的筛查方法。不幸的是,难以识别早期疾病,即便采用了这些筛查方法,也很有可能漏诊。因此,患者和医生之间必须加强沟通,以便让患者明白这些筛查手段的局限性,即使在高风险人群中也是一样。[6]Cannistra S. Medical progress: cancer of the ovary. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2519-2529.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590954?tool=bestpractice.com一项荟萃分析证实,在BRCA1和BRCA2基因发生突变的患者中,口服避孕药与卵巢癌的发生率呈负相关,比值比为0.58 (95%CI, 0.46-0.73)。[51]Moorman PG, Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM, et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among high-risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:4188-4198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24145348?tool=bestpractice.com因此,BRCA基因发生突变的患者,如果不愿意接受降低风险的手术,应考虑口服避孕药。