内膜增生的高危因素中有许多亦是内膜癌的高危因素。
内膜增生可分为:典型(单纯和复合)增生以及不典型(单纯和复合)增生。[28]Horn LC, Meinel A, Handzel R, et al. Histopathology of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma: an update. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2008;12:231-232.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630117?tool=bestpractice.com
不典型的子宫内膜增生是发生子宫内膜癌的危险因素;绝经后妇女如无医学禁忌症,应行子宫切除和输卵管卵巢切除术。[28]Horn LC, Meinel A, Handzel R, et al. Histopathology of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma: an update. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2008;12:231-232.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630117?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Kurman RJ, Kaminski PF, Norris HJ. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of "untreated" hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer. 1985;56:403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4005805?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Mutter GL, Bergeron C, Deligdisch L, et al. The spectrum of endometrial pathology induced by progesterone receptor modulators. Mod Pathol. 2008;21:591-598.http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v21/n5/full/modpathol200819a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246050?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of endometrial hyperplasia. February 2016. https://www.rcog.org.uk (last accessed 2 September 2016).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/green-top-guidelines/gtg_67_endometrial_hyperplasia.pdf
合并细胞异型性的复合增生可称为“内膜上皮内瘤变(IEN)”。[29]Kurman RJ, Kaminski PF, Norris HJ. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of "untreated" hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer. 1985;56:403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4005805?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 起源于增殖型内膜的上皮内瘤变。显微镜检照片、HE染色图片由哈佛医学院伯明翰妇产医院妇科及新生儿病理科George Mutter医学博士供图。 [Citation ends].初始诊断为内膜不典型增生的患者中,高达42.6%的患者可为内膜癌。[47]Trimble CL, Kauderer J, Zaino R, et al. Concurrent endometrial carcinoma in women with a biopsy diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer. 2006;106:812-819.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21650/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400639?tool=bestpractice.com