内膜癌可行手术、放疗、化疗或多种治疗方法的结合治疗,最大程度提高治愈率、降低发病率。[78]Fiorelli JL, Herzog TJ, Wright JD. Current treatment strategies for endometrial cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008;8:1149-1157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588459?tool=bestpractice.com
手术的两个重要作用为:首先,进行内膜癌分期并确定低危(IA期),中危(IB至II期)及高危(III期及IV期)组患者,制定各组患者治疗方案,包括是否需辅助治疗。[79]Hogberg T, Signorelli M, de Oliveira CF, et al. Sequential adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in endometrial cancer - results from two randomised studies. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:2422-2431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619634?tool=bestpractice.com其次,手术可全部或尽可能多的切除肿瘤。
放疗可有效降低局部复发,但对患者的生存率没有影响。[80]Kong A, Johnson N, Kitchener HC, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for stage I endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD003916.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003916.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513918?tool=bestpractice.com通常用于患有高-中等风险 (HIR) 或高风险(III 期和 IV 期)疾病的患者。
化疗正越来越多的作为高风险(III 期和 IV 期)疾病的辅助治疗,对于转移性或复发性疾病有姑息作用。[79]Hogberg T, Signorelli M, de Oliveira CF, et al. Sequential adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in endometrial cancer - results from two randomised studies. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:2422-2431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619634?tool=bestpractice.com
因激素治疗后心血管病死率增加,认为激素治疗没有辅助作用。孕激素治疗内膜癌转移病灶的有效率较乳腺癌的抗雌激素治疗有效率低。对于雌孕激素受体阳性而不宜手术治疗的肿瘤患者可行激素治疗。
手术分期
术前大量的检查对患者的临床受益较小。[70]Kinkel K, Kaji Y, Yu KK, et al. Radiologic staging in patients with endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. Radiology. 1999;212:711-718.http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiology.212.3.r99au29711http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10478237?tool=bestpractice.com国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)将内膜癌定义为需进行手术分期的疾病,因内膜癌患者临床分期确定的病变程度较手术分期误差较大。[59]Jones DE, Creasman WT, Dombroski RA, et al. Evaluation of the atypical Pap smear. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157:544-549.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3631155?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Creasman WT, DeGeest K, DiSaia PJ, et al. Significance of true surgical pathologic staging: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:31-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10411790?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Mutch DG. The new FIGO staging system for cancers of the vulva, cervix, endometrium and sarcomas. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;115:325-328.
大约25%临床分期为I期(局限于内膜)的患者及50%临床分期II期(扩展至宫颈)的患者在进行手术分期时发现有宫外扩散。[81]Creasman WT, Morrow CP, Bundy BN, et al. Surgical pathologic spread patterns of endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer. 1987;60:2035-2041.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3652025?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Morrow CP, Bundy BN, Kurman RJ, et al. Relationship between surgical-pathological risk factors and outcome in clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the endometrium: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 1991;40:55-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1989916?tool=bestpractice.com
全面的手术分期亦有助于指导临床医师确定是否需辅助治疗,且其本身即具有治疗优势。[83]Fleming GF, Filiaci VL, Bentley RC, et al. Phase III randomized trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin versus doxorubicin plus 24-h paclitaxel plus filgrastim in endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:1173-1178.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/15/8/1173http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15277255?tool=bestpractice.com[84]McMeekin DS, Lashbrook D, Gold M, et al. Analysis of FIGO Stage IIIc endometrial cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;81:273-278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330962?tool=bestpractice.com在术前评估后,所有活检证实子宫内膜癌诊断的患者应接受手术分期,包括[85]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: uterine neoplasms. http://www.nccn.org (last accessed 2 September 2016).http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#site
探查性剖腹手术或腹腔镜检查
经腹或腹腔镜全子宫切除术(TAH 或 TLH)
双附件切除术
腹水细胞学检查
大网膜活检(常针对组织学为浆液性、透明细胞或癌肉瘤的肿瘤实施)
盆腔淋巴结清扫术用于限于子宫疾病手术分期
切除可疑或增大的淋巴结,以排除淋巴结转移
针对特定高风险肿瘤进行主动脉旁淋巴结评估,例如深部浸润性病变或高级别肿瘤(包括浆液性、透明细胞性或癌肉瘤)。[71]Amant F, Moerman P, Neven P, et al. Endometrial cancer. Lancet. 2005;366:491-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16084259?tool=bestpractice.com
正在评估前哨淋巴结定位,因为尚未报告任何前瞻性试验。
不同患者的分期术及后续治疗需根据患者分期术的病理结果确定。
若术中发现肿瘤腹腔内扩散,应行肿瘤细胞减灭术。[60]Creasman WT, DeGeest K, DiSaia PJ, et al. Significance of true surgical pathologic staging: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:31-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10411790?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Creasman WT, Morrow CP, Bundy BN, et al. Surgical pathologic spread patterns of endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer. 1987;60:2035-2041.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3652025?tool=bestpractice.com
手术治疗
对可治愈的患者,手术是最重要的治疗措施。标准的手术方式包括全子宫双附件切除及淋巴结清扫术。[71]Amant F, Moerman P, Neven P, et al. Endometrial cancer. Lancet. 2005;366:491-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16084259?tool=bestpractice.com可行腹腔镜(包括机器人辅助的腹腔镜)下全子宫切除术或开腹全子宫切除术。与开腹全子宫切除术相比,腹腔镜全子宫切除术住院时间明显缩短,并发症明显减少。[86]Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Manuzzi L, et al. Role of laparoscopic hysterectomy in the management of endometrial cancer. Curr Opin Ostet Gynecol. 2008;20:337-344.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18660684?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Zhang H, Cui J, Jia L, et al. Comparison of laparoscopy and laparotomy for endometrial cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;116:185-191.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197622?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Obermair A, Janda M, Baker J, et al. Improved surgical safety after laparoscopic compared to open surgery for apparent early stage endometrial cancer: results from a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:1147-1153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22548907?tool=bestpractice.com且越来越受患者欢迎。[89]Walker JL, Piedmonte MR, Spirtos NM, et al. Recurrence and survival after random assignment to laparoscopy versus laparotomy for comprehensive surgical staging of uterine cancer: Gynecologic Oncology Group LAP2 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:695-700.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/30/7/695.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22291074?tool=bestpractice.com在内膜癌患者中,将机器人辅助的全子宫切除术与传统的腹腔镜和开腹手术途径进行比较。一项系统评价发现,机器人辅助手术与腹腔镜手术的围术期临床结局类似,但机器人手术出血更少。但是机器人及腹腔镜手术手术时间均较长。[90]Gaia G, Holloway RW, Santoro L, et al. Robotic-assisted hysterectomy for endometrial cancer compared with traditional laparoscopic and laparotomy approaches: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:1422-1431.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099613?tool=bestpractice.com
I期(局限于内膜)或II期(扩散至宫颈)的患者行淋巴结清扫术无受益。因此对于肌层浸润<50%、肿瘤大小<2cm和无其他明显肉眼可见病灶的1或2级子宫内膜样肿瘤可采用损伤较小的术式。[91]Orton J, Blake P. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in the treatment of endometrial cancer: results of the randomised MRC ASTEC and NCIC CTG EN.5 trial: 2007 meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5504.[92]Mariani A, Dowdy SC, Cliby WA, et al. Prospective assessment of lymphatic dissemination in endometrial cancer: a paradigm shift in surgical staging. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;109:11-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304622?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Giede C, Le T, Power P, et al; SOGC-GOC-SCC Policy and Practice Guideline Committee. The role of surgery in endometrial cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013;35:370-374.http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/gui289CPG1304E.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23660046?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Khoury-Collado F, Abu-Rustum NR. Lymphatic mapping in endometrial cancer: a literature review of current techniques and results. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008;18:1163-1168.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217960?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Frost JA, Webster KE, Bryant A, et al. Lymphadenectomy for the management of endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD007585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007585.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26387863?tool=bestpractice.com尽管淋巴结切除术在早期子宫内膜癌中可能无治疗获益,需要对前哨淋巴结定位的作用进一步进行研究,以指导后续治疗(手术、放射和化疗),降低发病率。[96]Abu-Rustum NR. Update on sentinel node mapping in uterine cancer: 10-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014;40:327-334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24620369?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Desai PH, Hughes P, Tobias DH, et al. Accuracy of robotic sentinel lymph node detection (RSLND) for patients with endometrial cancer (EC). Gynecol Oncol. 2014;135:196-200.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25175452?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Frost JA, Webster KE, Bryant A, et al. Lymphadenectomy for the management of endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD007585.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007585.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26387863?tool=bestpractice.com
在仔细选择指征的患者中,转移病灶减瘤术可提高生存率,但对于这一有争议的观点,目前没有随机研究证据支持。[98]Bristow RE, Zahurak ML, Alexander CJ, et al. FIGO stage IIIC endometrial carcinoma: resection of macroscopic nodal disease and other determinants of survival. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003;13:664-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14675352?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Chi DS, Welshinger M, Venkatraman ES, et al. The role of surgical cytoreduction in stage IV endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;67:56-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9345357?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Bristow RE, Zerbe MJ, Rosenshein NB, et al. Stage IVB endometrial carcinoma: the role of cytoreductive surgery and determinants of survival. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;78:85-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926785?tool=bestpractice.com据研究,对于遗传性非息肉性结肠癌患者行降低风险的预防性全子宫双附件切除术可100%预防子宫肿瘤。[55]Schmeler KM, Lynch HT, Chen LM, et al. Prophylactic surgery to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancers in the Lynch syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:261-269.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052627#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16421367?tool=bestpractice.com预防:有高质量的证据表明对于行降低风险手术的遗传性非息肉性结肠癌(HNPCC)女性患者,预防性全子宫双附件切除术可100%的预防子宫肿瘤的发生。对于有显著家族史的受试者,是否需要手术要在 50 岁之前决定。[55]Schmeler KM, Lynch HT, Chen LM, et al. Prophylactic surgery to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancers in the Lynch syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:261-269.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052627#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16421367?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
肥胖以及伴随疾病使内膜癌患者更易发生围术期风险及并发症。[101]Badger C, Preston N, Seers K, et al. Physical therapies for reducing and controlling lymphoedema of the limbs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD003141.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15495042?tool=bestpractice.com
放疗
过去,放疗是首选的主要疗法,随后倾向于(基于病理结果)作为特定患者的术后辅助疗法。术前放射疗法已不再常规使用,但在局部晚期病变的术前环境中仍能考虑使用。[102]Einhorn N, Trope C, Ridderheim M, et al. A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in uterine cancer (corpus uteri). Acta Oncol. 2003;42:557-561.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14596513?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Vargo JA, Boisen MM, Comerci JT, et al. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy followed by extrafascial hysterectomy for locally advanced endometrial cancer clinically extending to the cervix or parametria. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;135:190-195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25218303?tool=bestpractice.com术后放射疗法通常包括体外放射疗法 (EBRT)生存期:有高质量证据表明,对具有高度复发风险的 I 期子宫内膜癌患者在手术后实施辅助外放射治疗 (EBRT) 可降低局部区域复发的风险,但并无生存获益。阴道短距离放疗和 EBRT 在控制阴道疾病方面一样有效,但有更少的胃肠道副作用(GOG-99、PORTEC-1、PORTEC-2)。[73]Keys HM, Roberts JA, Brunetto VL, et al. A phase III trial of surgery with or without adjunctive external pelvic radiation therapy in intermediate risk endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:744-751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984936?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Nout RA, Smit VT, Putter H, et al. Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;375:816-823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206777?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Creutzberg CL, Nout RA, Lybeert ML, et al. Fifteen-year radiotherapy outcomes of the randomized PORTEC-1 trial for endometrial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81:e631-e638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640520?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Nout RA, van de Poll-Franse LV, Lybeert ML, et al. Long-term outcome and quality of life of patients with endometrial carcinoma treated with or without pelvic radiotherapy in the post operative radiation therapy in endometrial carcinoma 1 (PORTEC-1) trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1692-1700.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/13/1692.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21444867?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和/或阴道穹窿短距离放疗。[107]DeLaney T, Penson R. Radiotherapy and post-surgical management of endometrial cancer. In: Berkowitz RS, ed. Endometrial cancer. Hamilton, Canada: BC Decker; 2004:106-126.生存期:有高质量的证据表明对于疾病低危且手术病率较低的患者,外放治疗不能明确延长生存期。阴道内放治疗可预防阴道复发。阴道内放治疗后患者的生活质量较外放治疗后更高(PORTEC-2临床试验)[108]Nout RA, Putter H, Jurgenliemk-Schulz IM, et al. Vaginal brachytherapy versus external beam pelvic radiotherapy for high-intermediate risk endometrial cancer: results of the randomized PORTEC-2 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:LBA5503.系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。众多近期临床试验已关注子宫内膜癌盆腔放疗的作用。[73]Keys HM, Roberts JA, Brunetto VL, et al. A phase III trial of surgery with or without adjunctive external pelvic radiation therapy in intermediate risk endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:744-751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984936?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Orton J, Blake P. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in the treatment of endometrial cancer: results of the randomised MRC ASTEC and NCIC CTG EN.5 trial: 2007 meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5504.[109]Creutzberg CL. GOG-99: ending the controversy regarding pelvic radiotherapy for endometrial carcinoma? Gynaecol Oncol. 2004;92:740-743.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984935?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Nout RA, Smit VT, Putter H, et al. Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;375:816-823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206777?tool=bestpractice.com
放射疗法可用于辅助治疗,从而降低局部区域复发的风险(例如阴道短距离放射治疗或盆腔 EBRT)。[73]Keys HM, Roberts JA, Brunetto VL, et al. A phase III trial of surgery with or without adjunctive external pelvic radiation therapy in intermediate risk endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:744-751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984936?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Kupets R, Le T, Bentley J, et al; SOGC-GOC-SCC Policy and Practice Guidelines Committee. The role of adjuvant therapy in endometrial cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013;35:375-379.http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/gui290CPG1304E.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23660048?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Creutzberg CL, van Putten WL, Koper PC, et al. Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone for patients with stage-1 endometrial carcinoma: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;355:1404-1411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10791524?tool=bestpractice.com
可考虑对中危或高危早期疾病患者进行阴道短距离放射治疗。[104]Nout RA, Smit VT, Putter H, et al. Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;375:816-823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206777?tool=bestpractice.com
可使用 EBRT 治疗 IIIA 期至 IIIC 期患者以及局限于腹部的 IV 期疾病患者,但与单纯化疗相比并无明确的生存优势。[112]Randall ME, Filiaci VL, Muss H, et al. Randomized phase III trial of whole-abdominal irradiation versus doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:36-44.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/24/1/36http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330675?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Maggi R, Lissoni A, Spina F, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy vs radiotherapy in high-risk endometrial carcinoma: results of a randomised trial. Br J Cancer. 2006;95:266-271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2360651/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16868539?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Susumu N, Sagae S, Udagawa Y, et al. Randomized phase III trial of pelvic radiotherapy versus cisplatin-based combined chemotherapy in patients with intermediate- and high-risk endometrial cancer: a Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;108:226-233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17996926?tool=bestpractice.com生存期:有高质量的证据表明I期内膜样腺癌患者术后放疗(与无辅助治疗相比)可降低局部复发,但对总体生存率无影响。放疗会增加治疗相关病率。对于年龄<60岁的I期及G2期合并表浅浸润的内摸样腺癌患者不建议术后放疗(PORTEC-1试验)。[111]Creutzberg CL, van Putten WL, Koper PC, et al. Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone for patients with stage-1 endometrial carcinoma: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;355:1404-1411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10791524?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。淋巴结阳性疾病在盆腔的复发率为 20% 至 50%,因此通常需要考虑联合治疗。[115]Mundt AJ, McBride R, Rotmensch J, et al. Significant pelvic recurrence in high-risk pathologic stage I--IV endometrial carcinoma patients after adjuvant chemotherapy alone: implications for adjuvant radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:1145-1153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11483323?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究已确认 EBRT 与治疗相关迟发毒性具有相关性,包括出现尿道和肠道症状以及躯体功能和体格角色功能较差。[105]Creutzberg CL, Nout RA, Lybeert ML, et al. Fifteen-year radiotherapy outcomes of the randomized PORTEC-1 trial for endometrial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81:e631-e638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640520?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Nout RA, van de Poll-Franse LV, Lybeert ML, et al. Long-term outcome and quality of life of patients with endometrial carcinoma treated with or without pelvic radiotherapy in the post operative radiation therapy in endometrial carcinoma 1 (PORTEC-1) trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1692-1700.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/13/1692.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21444867?tool=bestpractice.comEBRT 可能会增加继发性恶性肿瘤的风险,这在年轻患者中尤为明显。[105]Creutzberg CL, Nout RA, Lybeert ML, et al. Fifteen-year radiotherapy outcomes of the randomized PORTEC-1 trial for endometrial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81:e631-e638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640520?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Onsrud M, Cvancarova M, Hellebust TP, et al. Long-term outcomes after pelvic radiation for early-stage endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3951-3956.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/31/31/3951.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019546?tool=bestpractice.com虽然 EBRT 能够有效降低局部区域的复发率,但应避免用于低风险和中等风险的子宫内膜癌患者,因为观察或阴道短距离放疗在副作用方面更有利而成为首选方案。
证据显示,与 EBRT 相比,阴道短距离放疗导致的肠道毒性较少,可使患者的生活质量更佳,但是性功能障碍除外,性功能障碍是一个更为复杂的问题,这两种疗法对于性功能的影响相似。[117]Nout RA, Putter H, Jürgenliemk-Schulz IM, et al. Five-year quality of life of endometrial cancer patients treated in the randomised Post Operative Radiation Therapy in Endometrial Cancer (PORTEC-2) trial and comparison with norm data. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:1638-1648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22176868?tool=bestpractice.com
更广泛的放射治疗(扩大放射野)和全腹放疗 (WAR) 可用于谨慎筛选的无残留疾病或仅存在显微镜下残留疾病的患者。[118]Mundt AJ, Murphy KT, Rotmensch J, et al. Surgery and postoperative radiation therapy in FIGO Stage IIIC endometrial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50:1154-1160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11483324?tool=bestpractice.com
严重不适患者可接受有临床获益的初期放射疗法。[119]Lanciano RM, Curran WJ, Jr., Greven KM, et al. Influence of grade, histologic subtype, and timing of radiotherapy on outcome among patients with stage II carcinoma of the endometrium. Gynecol Oncol. 1990;39:368-373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2258085?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有症状的转移(脑或骨转移、骨盆疼痛或出血),可出于姑息目的实施放射疗法。
化疗
子宫内膜癌行全身化疗的作用争议较多,不断变化。[120]Galaal K, Al Moundhri M, Bryant A, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD010681.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010681.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24832785?tool=bestpractice.com辅助性化疗可能增加患者的5年生存率,但即使在高危患者中仍存在高度争议。[83]Fleming GF, Filiaci VL, Bentley RC, et al. Phase III randomized trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin versus doxorubicin plus 24-h paclitaxel plus filgrastim in endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:1173-1178.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/15/8/1173http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15277255?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Thigpen JT, Brady MF, Homesley HD, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin with or without cisplatin in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3902-3908.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/19/3902.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459211?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Johnson N, Bryant A, Miles T, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for endometrial cancer after hysterectomy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;(10):CD003175.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003175.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975736?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Tangjitgamol S, See HT, Kavanagh J. Adjuvant chemotherapy for endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011;21:885-895.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21697679?tool=bestpractice.com生存期:有高质量的证据表明,对于晚期内膜样腺癌患者,顺铂+多柔比星方案可延长无进展生存期,但对总体生存期无影响,且毒性反应增加。[121]Thigpen JT, Brady MF, Homesley HD, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin with or without cisplatin in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3902-3908.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/19/3902.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459211?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。目前存在多种化疗方案。相比紫杉醇、多柔比星和顺铂的联合疗法,优先选择紫杉醇和卡铂,因为其具有相同的有效性,并且毒副作用更小,同时这是转移性疾病情况的公认治疗标准。[124]Fleming GF, Brunetto VL, Cella D, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel plus filgrastim in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2159-2166.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/22/11/2159http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15169803?tool=bestpractice.com[125]Humber CE, Tierney JF, Symonds RP, et al. Chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent or metastatic endometrial cancer: a systematic review of Cochrane collaboration. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:409-420.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/18/3/409http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17150999?tool=bestpractice.com其获益在 3 级深层浸润性肿瘤中最为明显,该疗法是淋巴结阳性肿瘤的标准疗法。[124]Fleming GF, Brunetto VL, Cella D, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel plus filgrastim in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2159-2166.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/22/11/2159http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15169803?tool=bestpractice.com[125]Humber CE, Tierney JF, Symonds RP, et al. Chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent or metastatic endometrial cancer: a systematic review of Cochrane collaboration. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:409-420.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/18/3/409http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17150999?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Morice P, Leary A, Creutzberg C, et al. Endometrial cancer. Lancet. 2016;387:1094-1108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26354523?tool=bestpractice.com确切的化疗方案、化疗时间及剂量应咨询肿瘤科医师依个体化制定。
激素治疗
仅对雌孕激素受体(OR/PR)阳性的复发肿瘤或不可手术治疗的肿瘤患者推荐使用激素治疗。[127]Thigpen T, Brady MF, Homesley HD, et al. Tamoxifen in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:364-367.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208827?tool=bestpractice.com[128]Thigpen JT, Brady MF, Alvarez RD, et al. Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a dose-response study by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1736-1744.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561210?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Fiorica JV, Brunetto VL, Hanjani P, et al. Phase II trial of alternating courses of megestrol acetate and tamoxifen in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:10-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14751131?tool=bestpractice.com文献报道复发性或不可治疗的肿瘤患者对孕激素的临床反应率较一致,约为1/3(15%-34%),该反应率与其他药物如他莫西芬反应率相似。[127]Thigpen T, Brady MF, Homesley HD, et al. Tamoxifen in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:364-367.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208827?tool=bestpractice.com[129]Fiorica JV, Brunetto VL, Hanjani P, et al. Phase II trial of alternating courses of megestrol acetate and tamoxifen in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:10-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14751131?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Decruze SB, Green JA. Hormone therapy in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17:964-978.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17442022?tool=bestpractice.comGnRH-a以及口服甲羟孕酮的效果可能与报道的他莫西芬与甲地孕酮交替方案的最高临床反应率(32%)相似。[128]Thigpen JT, Brady MF, Alvarez RD, et al. Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a dose-response study by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1736-1744.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561210?tool=bestpractice.com[131]Polyzos NP, Pavlidis N, Paraskevaidis E, et al. Randomized evidence on chemotherapy and hormonal therapy regimens for advanced endometrial cancer: an overview of survival data. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:319-326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376072?tool=bestpractice.com不建议使用辅助孕激素疗法。[132]Lentz SS. Endocrine therapy of endometrial cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 1998;94:89-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9587684?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Martin-Hirsch PP, Bryant A, Keep SL, et al. Adjuvant progestagens for endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD001040.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001040.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21678331?tool=bestpractice.com生存期:有高质量的证据表明对于高危型患者行辅助性孕激素治疗不能提高总体生存率,且对总死亡率可能有不利影响。[132]Lentz SS. Endocrine therapy of endometrial cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 1998;94:89-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9587684?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
尽管他莫昔芬可能是子宫内膜癌的危险因素,可联合使用他莫昔芬与孕酮,用于治疗复发性或不可治愈的疾病。他莫西芬可增加孕激素受体的表达,理论上说可增加孕激素治疗的反应性。
IA期:低危患者
手术分期后,1A 期(1-2 级)疾病患者复发风险相对低,通常不需要辅助治疗。[111]Creutzberg CL, van Putten WL, Koper PC, et al. Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone for patients with stage-1 endometrial carcinoma: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;355:1404-1411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10791524?tool=bestpractice.com[134]Sorbe B, Nordstrom B, Maenpaa J, et al. Intravaginal brachytherapy in FIGO stage I low-risk endometrial cancer: a controlled randomized study. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2009;19:873-878.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574776?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Klopp A, Smith BD, Alektiar K, et al. The role of postoperative radiation therapy for endometrial cancer: executive summary of an American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2014;4:137-144.http://www.practicalradonc.org/article/S1879-8500%2814%2900005-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766678?tool=bestpractice.com生存期:有高质量的证据表明I期内膜样腺癌患者术后放疗(与无辅助治疗相比)可降低局部复发,但对总体生存率无影响。放疗会增加治疗相关病率。对于年龄<60岁的I期及G2期合并表浅浸润的内摸样腺癌患者不建议术后放疗(PORTEC-1试验)。[111]Creutzberg CL, van Putten WL, Koper PC, et al. Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone for patients with stage-1 endometrial carcinoma: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;355:1404-1411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10791524?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
但是,对于具有特定危险因素(例如,年龄>60 岁,存在淋巴血管间隙浸润 (LVI) 或患有 3 级肿瘤)的 IA 期疾病患者,如果为高危或中危,则可采用辅助放射疗法进行治疗。[104]Nout RA, Smit VT, Putter H, et al. Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;375:816-823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206777?tool=bestpractice.com这类患者首选阴道短距离放射治疗而不是盆腔放疗,因为在经过适当选择的患者中其疗效相同而毒性更小。[104]Nout RA, Smit VT, Putter H, et al. Vaginal brachytherapy versus pelvic external beam radiotherapy for patients with endometrial cancer of high-intermediate risk (PORTEC-2): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;375:816-823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206777?tool=bestpractice.com
内膜癌有时可发生于仍有生育要求的年轻患者中。对这类患者手术仍为标准治疗。然而,经详细咨询后,患者仍选择保留生育功能,可行孕激素治疗,最常用的为小剂量甲地孕酮。孕激素治疗2年以上的安全性研究证据较少。应进行有创性监测包括每3-6个月行宫腔镜内膜活检一次,强烈建议患者完成生育功能后切除子宫。[136]Gunderson CC, Fader AN, Carson KA, et al. Oncologic and reproductive outcomes with progestin therapy in women with endometrial hyperplasia and grade 1 adenocarcinoma: a systematic review. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:477-482.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245711?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Baker JO. Efficacy of oral or intrauterine device-delivered progestin in patients with complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia or early endometrial adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:263-270.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196499?tool=bestpractice.com
IB期至II期:中危患者
这类患者可根据年龄及以下危险因素进一步分为低中危(LIR)或高中危(HIR)两类:
淋巴脉管间隙浸润
肌层外1/2层浸润
中低分化[73]Keys HM, Roberts JA, Brunetto VL, et al. A phase III trial of surgery with or without adjunctive external pelvic radiation therapy in intermediate risk endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:744-751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984936?tool=bestpractice.com
1.1.低中危患者特征如下:
年龄<50岁,≤2个危险因素
50-70岁,<2个危险因素
>70岁,无高危因素
2.2.中高危患者特征如下:
年龄<50岁,3个高危因素
50~70 岁,至少存在 2 个危险因素
>70岁,至少一个高危因素
经分期手术后,未行辅助性放射治疗的中高危患者复发风险为26%,行辅助性放疗后复发风险为6%。[73]Keys HM, Roberts JA, Brunetto VL, et al. A phase III trial of surgery with or without adjunctive external pelvic radiation therapy in intermediate risk endometrial adenocarcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:744-751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984936?tool=bestpractice.com虽然可对这类患者进行放疗,但并无明确证据表明其具有生存优势。[102]Einhorn N, Trope C, Ridderheim M, et al. A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in uterine cancer (corpus uteri). Acta Oncol. 2003;42:557-561.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14596513?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Lanciano RM, Curran WJ, Jr., Greven KM, et al. Influence of grade, histologic subtype, and timing of radiotherapy on outcome among patients with stage II carcinoma of the endometrium. Gynecol Oncol. 1990;39:368-373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2258085?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Kong A, Johnson N, Kitchener HC, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for stage I endometrial cancer: an updated Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104;1625-1634.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/21/1625.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22962693?tool=bestpractice.com对于未接受过辅助放射疗法的阴道复发患者,可接受挽救性放射疗法,5 年生存率为 40% 至 70%。[139]Creutzberg CL, van Putten WL, Koper PC, et al. Survival after relapse in patients with endometrial cancer: results from a randomized trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;89:201-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12713981?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Jhingran A, Burke TW, Eifel PJ. Definitive radiotherapy for patients with isolated vaginal recurrence of endometrial carcinoma after hysterectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12873682?tool=bestpractice.com挽救放射疗法的成功与肿瘤分级、组织学、复发部位(即阴道还是淋巴结)和肿瘤大小有关。[139]Creutzberg CL, van Putten WL, Koper PC, et al. Survival after relapse in patients with endometrial cancer: results from a randomized trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;89:201-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12713981?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Jhingran A, Burke TW, Eifel PJ. Definitive radiotherapy for patients with isolated vaginal recurrence of endometrial carcinoma after hysterectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12873682?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Lee LJ, Damato AL, Viswanathan AN. Clinical outcomes following 3D image-guided brachytherapy for vaginal recurrence of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;131:586-592.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24029418?tool=bestpractice.com阴道复发需要同时行挽救性 EBRT 和短距离放疗,但可能增加并发症发生率。应对中危患者使用阴道短距离放射治疗,而非 EBRT。[108]Nout RA, Putter H, Jurgenliemk-Schulz IM, et al. Vaginal brachytherapy versus external beam pelvic radiotherapy for high-intermediate risk endometrial cancer: results of the randomized PORTEC-2 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:LBA5503.
通常将患有 3 级肿瘤且肌层浸润≥50% 的患者或患有 II 期疾病的患者视为高危患者。正在进行的 GOG-249 和 PORTEC-3 临床试验将评估辅助化疗和放射疗法对此类人群的作用。
III期至IV期:高危组患者
多模式治疗是 III 期疾病患者(转移或病变范围超出子宫,累及浆膜、阴道、卵巢/输卵管和/或淋巴结)的标准疗法,也可考虑用于仅限于腹部(累及膀胱、直肠或肠道)的 IV 期疾病患者以及分期早的高风险患者。但是,尚未定义最佳顺序和时间。最常见的治疗方法包括手术,之后给予化疗、生存期:有高质量的证据表明对于III期或IV期内摸样腺癌患者及术后有残余病灶者,多柔比星或顺铂化疗方案可延长无进展生存期。与全腹部放疗相比,化疗能明显延长无进展生存期及总体生存期。[112]Randall ME, Filiaci VL, Muss H, et al. Randomized phase III trial of whole-abdominal irradiation versus doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:36-44.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/24/1/36http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330675?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和受累野放射疗法,可按顺序或三明治式方法进行。[112]Randall ME, Filiaci VL, Muss H, et al. Randomized phase III trial of whole-abdominal irradiation versus doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:36-44.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/24/1/36http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330675?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Homesley HD, Filiaci V, Gibbons SK, et al. A randomized phase III trial in advanced endometrial carcinoma of surgery and volume directed radiation followed by cisplatin and doxorubicin with or without paclitaxel: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112:543-552.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108877?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Carey MS, Gawlik C, Fung-Kee-Fung M, et al. Systematic review of systemic therapy for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;101:158-167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434086?tool=bestpractice.com生存期:有高质量证据表明,对于出现阴道疾病复发且此前未接受过放疗的患者群体而言,盆腔放射疗法是有效的挽救治疗方法,其 5 年生存率为 40% 至 70%。[139]Creutzberg CL, van Putten WL, Koper PC, et al. Survival after relapse in patients with endometrial cancer: results from a randomized trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;89:201-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12713981?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Jhingran A, Burke TW, Eifel PJ. Definitive radiotherapy for patients with isolated vaginal recurrence of endometrial carcinoma after hysterectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12873682?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
即将完成的前瞻性随机临床试验(GOG 0258 和 PORTEC-3)将评估同步放化疗后辅助化疗的效果。化疗方案多样。[124]Fleming GF, Brunetto VL, Cella D, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel plus filgrastim in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2159-2166.http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/22/11/2159http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15169803?tool=bestpractice.com相比紫杉醇、多柔比星和顺铂的联合疗法,优先选择紫杉醇和卡铂,因为其具有相同的有效性,并且毒副作用更小。确切的化疗方案、时间及剂量应咨询肿瘤医师进行个体化制定。
对 IIIA 至 IIIC 期患者以及仅限于腹部的 IV 期疾病患者针对累及区域实施 EBRT,放射野由实施治疗的放射肿瘤专科医生根据判断来制定,覆盖盆腔,可包含或不包含主动脉旁淋巴结(扩大野 EBRT)。晚期疾病化疗和阴道短距离放射治疗的数据有限。
对于组织学为子宫浆液性和透明细胞的患者,可考虑使用放射治疗(EBRT 或阴道短距离放疗),但由于这些亚型罕见,尚不明确此类疗法对生存期的影响。
复发或不可治愈肿瘤
多数在两年内复发[71]Amant F, Moerman P, Neven P, et al. Endometrial cancer. Lancet. 2005;366:491-505.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16084259?tool=bestpractice.com提示肿瘤复发的症状和体征包括:阴道出血、腹痛或盆腔疼痛、持续咳嗽、不能解释的体重减轻以及新发的神经系统症状。
这些患者可能有高级别腺癌的广泛转移。最好的支持治疗包括身体、心理、社会及精神各方面。常见的医学挑战包括:疼痛、恶心和呕吐、淋巴水肿、出血、梗阻(泌尿生殖和胃肠道)和形成瘘管。[144]Penson RT, Wenzel LB, Vergote I, et al. Quality of life considerations in gynecologic cancer: FIGO 6th annual report on the results of treatment in gynecological cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006;95(suppl 1):S247-S257.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161164?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗单纯阴道复发患者时,使用挽救性放射疗法(包括 EBRT 和短距离放疗联合治疗),使患者的五年生存率达到 50% 到 70%。对于盆腔或主动脉旁淋巴结复发患者,挽救性放射疗法的疗效一直不理想,生存率仅为 10% 左右,但放疗治疗的计划和实施已有进展(例如调强放射治疗),有望提高临床结果。[145]Ho JC, Allen PK, Jhingran A, et al. Management of nodal recurrences of endometrial cancer with IMRT. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;139:40-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26193429?tool=bestpractice.com
对于OR/PR(-)的肿瘤患者,建议行姑息性化疗。
OR/PR(+)的肿瘤患者可行他莫西芬与甲羟孕酮交替治疗。[129]Fiorica JV, Brunetto VL, Hanjani P, et al. Phase II trial of alternating courses of megestrol acetate and tamoxifen in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:10-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14751131?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Whitney CW, Brunetto VL, Zaino RJ, et al. Phase II study of medroxyprogesterone acetate plus tamoxifen in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92:4-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14751130?tool=bestpractice.com芳香化酶抑制剂(如来曲唑)日益被视为有效的治疗措施,且根据乳腺癌的相关文献研究,其副作用更少。[147]Sjoquist KM, Martyn J, Edmondson RJ, et al. The role of hormonal therapy in gynecological cancers-current status and future directions. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011;21:1328-1333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21720258?tool=bestpractice.com