没有证据支持内膜癌筛查。虽然内膜癌发病率较高,但其症状较典型(阴道出血),经有效治疗(手术)后预后良好。根据美国妇产科协会的指南,女性人群在每年体检时应常规询问是否有围绝经期或绝经后阴道出血的症状。[74]Committee on Gynecologic Practice. ACOG committee opinion: hormone replacement therapy in women treated for endometrial cancer. Number 234, May 2000 (replaces number 126, August 1993). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001;73:283-284.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11424913?tool=bestpractice.com可通过盆腔超声和子宫内膜采样以每 6 个月一次的方式对有符合 Lynch 综合征[54]Lancaster JM, Powell CB, Kauff ND, et al. Society of Gynecologic Oncologists Education Committee statement on risk assessment for inherited gynecologic cancer predispositions. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;107:159-162.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950381?tool=bestpractice.com的重大家族史的女性进行筛查,因为她们的风险严重增高(27% 至 71%)。[75]Auranen A, Joutsiniemi T. A systematic review of gynecological cancer surveillance in women belonging to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) families. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90:437-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21306348?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Koornstra JJ, Mourits MJ, Sijmons RH, et al. Management of extracolonic tumours in patients with Lynch syndrome. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:400-408.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19341971?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Barrow E, Robinson L, Alduaij W, et al. Cumulative lifetime incidence of extracolonic cancers in Lynch syndrome: a report of 121 families with proven mutations. Clin Genet. 2009;75:141-149.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215248?tool=bestpractice.com但是,对于遗传性非息肉性结肠癌 (Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer, HNPCC) 综合征家庭,预防性的经腹全子宫切除术 (TAH) 和双侧输卵管卵巢切除术 (BSO) 对疾病的影响可能更大。[55]Schmeler KM, Lynch HT, Chen LM, et al. Prophylactic surgery to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancers in the Lynch syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:261-269.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052627#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16421367?tool=bestpractice.com因为50岁以下的内膜癌患者可为这类家族的先证者,其他家族成员应筛查直肠癌。
使用他莫西芬的女性
绝经前使用他莫西芬治疗的女性内膜癌风险不会增加,因此,除常规妇科检查外,不需额外的检查。
在使用他莫西芬的绝经后女性(只要患者没有内膜癌的高危因素)中常规监测内膜情况并不能有效增加内膜癌的早期诊断率。因这些监测可致更多有创性,且诊断花费高,因此不推荐使用。[76]Demirkiran F, Arvas M, Erkun E, et al. The prognostic significance of cervico-vaginal cytology in endometrial cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1995;16:403-409.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8549608?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Bristow RE, Purinton SC, Santillan A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of routine vaginal cytology for endometrial cancer surveillance. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103:709-713.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16797686?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然有证据支持进行超声筛查子宫内膜是否增厚(因使用他莫西芬的乳腺癌患者内膜癌风险增加7倍),在临床监测中,未发现绝经后阴道出血患者的明确的生存优势。超声检查可能在开始使用他莫西芬治疗前确定是否有已存在的良性病变有益。[41]Neven P, De Muylder X, Van Belle Y, et al. Longitudinal hysteroscopic follow-up during tamoxifen treatment. Lancet. 1998;351:36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9433432?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Ferguson SE, Soslow RA, Amsterdam A, et al. Comparison of uterine malignancies that develop during and following tamoxifen therapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;101:322-326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16352333?tool=bestpractice.com