降低氮负荷
研究者推定,减少患者的蛋白质摄入可以降低肠道的氨产量,但有可能加重肝硬化患者先前存在的蛋白质热量营养不良。一项随机、对照试验发现,中度和严格蛋白质限制没有差异。[26]Horst D, Grace ND, Conn HO, et al. Comparison of dietary protein with an oral, branched chain-enriched amino acid supplement in chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 1984;4:279-287.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6706302?tool=bestpractice.com事实上,在另一项随机对照试验中,与低蛋白质饮食相比,正常蛋白质饮食不会增加肝性脑病的风险。[27]Córdoba J, López-Hellín J, Planas M, et al. Normal protein diet for episodic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized study. J Hepatol. 2004;41:38-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15246205?tool=bestpractice.com然而,2001 年急性肝性脑病管理指南建议限制饮食中的蛋白质摄入。[24]Blei AT, Cordoba J; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1968-1976.http://www.gi.org/physicians/guidelines/HepaticEncephalopathy.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11467622?tool=bestpractice.com可以在第一天不摄入蛋白质,然后缓慢增加至最大值(1.2 g 蛋白质/kg/d)。对于肝硬化人群,肠外营养没有优势。
使用不可吸收的二糖或抗生素可能降低肠道的氮负荷。清洁肠道也有助于减少肠道氨,从而降低血氨水平。
尽管不可吸收的二糖[例如乳果糖(一种泻药)]是至关重要的治疗手段,但它的确切作用机制尚不清楚。乳果糖可被肠道细菌降解为乳酸和其他有机酸。肠腔的酸化有利于铵离子转化为氨,从而有助于将氨从组织运送至肠腔。酸化还抑制了产氨的大肠菌群。副作用限制了依从性,例如腹泻、腹部不适、胀气。能够证明其疗效的随机对照试验数据是有限的。Meta 分析得出结论:乳果糖可改善肝性脑病,有可能降低死亡率,但在仅纳入较高质量的研究时或使用较低的相对危险度降低率时,没有观察到后一种获益。[28]Luo M, Li L, Lu CZ, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of lactulose for minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23:1250-1257.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21971378?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gluud LL, Vilstrup H, Morgan MY. Non-absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD003044.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003044.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27153247?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Can non-absorbable disaccharides help to prevent or treat hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1475/full显示答案 值得关注的是,已对将聚乙二醇用于治疗急性肝性脑病进行研究,[30]Rahimi RS, Singal AG, Cuthbert JA, et al. Lactulose vs polyethylene glycol 3350--electrolyte solution for treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy: the HELP randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1727-1733.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243839?tool=bestpractice.com该药具有通便作用,但不会使肠道酸化。尽管这项研究不包括同时接受乳果糖和利福昔明这种常见治疗方案的患者,但研究的确提示,使用聚乙二醇后,急性肝性脑病的缓解情况优于乳果糖单药治疗。
抗生素的应用方法并不明确。1997 年的一项研究发现,新霉素和乳果糖一样有效,然而另一项研究称新霉素和安慰剂没有区别。[31]Conn HO, Leevy CM, Vlahcevic ZR, et al. Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1977;72:573-583.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14049?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Strauss E, Tramote R, Silva EP, et al. Double-blind randomized clinical trial comparing neomycin and placebo in the treatment of exogenous hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogastroenterology. 1992;39:542-545.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1483668?tool=bestpractice.com耳毒性和肾毒性限制了新霉素的长期使用。甲硝唑比新霉素耐受性更好,尽管长期使用甲硝唑可能造成周围神经病。口服万古霉素和利福昔明也已在临床应用;[33]Rothenberg ME, Keeffe EB. Antibiotics in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: an evidence-based review. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2005;5(suppl 3):26-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17713457?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A, et al. Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1071-1081.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0907893#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20335583?tool=bestpractice.com然而,应当指出的是,欧洲药品管理局发现,现有数据不足以支持在免疫功能受损的患者中使用口服万古霉素净化胃肠道,并建议不应将其用于该适应证。[35]European Medicines Agency. EMA recommends changes to prescribing information for vancomycin antibiotics. May 2017. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ (last accessed 24 May 2017).http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/Vancomycin-containing_medicines/human_referral_000399.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05805c516f
一项关于比较性随机对照临床试验的 meta 分析表明,在治疗发作性或持续性肝性脑病方面,利福昔明并不优于非吸收性双糖。[36]Jiang Q, Jiang XH, Zheng MH, et al. Rifaximin versus nonabsorbable disaccharides in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20:1064-1070.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047837?tool=bestpractice.com然而,另一项 meta 分析认为,相对于非吸收性双糖,利福昔明可改善脑电图应答和门体静脉性脑病的程度。[37]Wu D, Wu SM, Lu J, et al. Rifaximin versus nonabsorbable disaccharides for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013;2013:236963.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638683/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23653636?tool=bestpractice.com两项 meta 分析都表明利福昔明的耐受性更好。临床改善:在利福昔明治疗急性或持续性肝性脑病比非吸收性双糖效果更好方面,证据间存在冲突,但似乎利福昔明的耐受性确实较好。[36]Jiang Q, Jiang XH, Zheng MH, et al. Rifaximin versus nonabsorbable disaccharides in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20:1064-1070.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047837?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Wu D, Wu SM, Lu J, et al. Rifaximin versus nonabsorbable disaccharides for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013;2013:236963.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638683/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23653636?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。一项回顾性研究收集了 145 例接受肝性脑病治疗的患者,只有 31% 的患者称其服用的乳果糖剂量超过处方剂量的 75%,而 92% 的患者称其服用的利福昔明剂量超过处方剂量的 75%。[38]Leevy CB, Phillips JA. Hospitalizations during the use of rifaximin versus lactulose for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:737-741.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17245628?tool=bestpractice.com另一项关于随机对照试验的meta分析比较了利福昔明和其他口服药物,结果认为,与二糖或其他抗生素相比,利福昔明对血清氨和精神状态的改善趋势差异无统计学意义,并能够显著改善脑电图和心理测量指标。[39]Eltawil KM, Laryea M, Peltekian K, et al. Rifaximin vs. conventional oral therapy for hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:767-777.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286139/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22371636?tool=bestpractice.com利福昔明的安全性(尤其是腹泻方面)也优于二糖或其他抗生素。[39]Eltawil KM, Laryea M, Peltekian K, et al. Rifaximin vs. conventional oral therapy for hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:767-777.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286139/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22371636?tool=bestpractice.com值得注意的是,两项随机对照试验表明,利福昔明可改善健康相关的生活质量。[40]Sidhu SS, Goyal O, Mishra BP, et al. Rifaximin improves psychometric performance and health-related quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (the RIME Trial). Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:307-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21157444?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Sanyal A, Younossi ZM, Bass NM, et al. Randomised clinical trial: rifaximin improves health-related quality of life in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy - a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:853-861.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848797?tool=bestpractice.com但是,在这两项研究中都是将利福昔明与安慰剂进行比较,所以缺少对利福昔明与其他口服制剂比较的解读。与安慰剂相比,研究者已经证明利福昔明疗法能够维持肝性脑病病情的缓解,并降低肝性脑病相关的住院风险。[34]Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A, et al. Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1071-1081.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0907893#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20335583?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Bajaj JS, Barrett AC, Bortey E, et al. Prolonged remission from hepatic encephalopathy with rifaximin: results of a placebo crossover analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41:39-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284039/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25339518?tool=bestpractice.com临床改善:有高级别的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,利福昔明疗法能够维持肝性脑病病情的缓解,降低肝性脑病相关的住院风险。[34]Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A, et al. Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1071-1081.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0907893#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20335583?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Bajaj JS, Barrett AC, Bortey E, et al. Prolonged remission from hepatic encephalopathy with rifaximin: results of a placebo crossover analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41:39-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284039/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25339518?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。虽然关于联合使用利福昔明和乳果糖的早期数据没有显示受益,[43]Mohammad RA, Regal RE, Alaniz C. Combination therapy for the treatment and prevention of hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46:1559-1563.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23092866?tool=bestpractice.com但是近期的一项随机、对照试验比较了乳果糖和利福昔明与乳果糖和安慰剂,该试验确实显示了联合疗法能够对肝性脑病的逆转、住院时间和死亡率产生显著受益。[44]Sharma BC, Sharma P, Lunia MK,et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing rifaximin plus lactulose with lactulose alone in treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1458-1463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23877348?tool=bestpractice.com虽然这些数据给人们带来了希望,但是,在把联合疗法作为标准实践之前,建议进行谨慎考虑,因为很多患者患有预后较差的疾病(Child-Turcotte-Pugh 肝功能分级 C 级),而且试验结果提示对照组的 10 天死亡率显著升高。
L-鸟氨酸-L-天冬氨酸
通过鸟氨酸和天冬氨酸刺激门静脉周肝细胞谷氨酰胺合成可以增加氨的清除率。因此,研究者对 L-鸟氨酸-L-天冬氨酸 (L-ornithine-L-aspartate, LOLA) 作为肝性脑病的辅助疗法很感兴趣。两项关于随机对照试验的meta分析比较了 LOLA 和安慰剂治疗肝性脑病,这些分析总结称,LOLA 能够显著改善肝性脑病。[45]Jiang Q, Jiang XH, Zheng MH, et al. L-Ornithine-l-aspartate in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:9-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823442?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Pérez Hernández JL, Higuera de la Tijera F, Serralde-Zúñiga AE, et al. Critical analysis of studies evaluating the efficacy of infusion of L-ornithine L-aspartate in clinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver failure. Ann Hepatol. 2011;10(suppl 2):S66-S69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22228885?tool=bestpractice.com第三项meta分析的结论是,LOLA 可显著改善血清氨水平和数字连接试验-A 的时间。[47]Hu W, Tang SH. Efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review. Chinese J Evid Based Med. 2012;12:799-803.然而,尽管第四项meta分析针对该问题进行调查后,支持 LOLA 能够降低血清中氨的浓度,但是该分析的作者指出,由于没有实施肝性脑病的临床检查(例如神经心理测试),所以限制了其临床实用性解读。[48]Soárez PC, Oliveira AC, Padovan J, et al. A critical analysis of studies assessing L-ornithine-L-aspartate (LOLA) in hepatic encephalopathy treatment. Arq Gastroenterol. 2009;46:241-247.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-28032009000300019&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19918694?tool=bestpractice.com另一项 meta 分析将 LOLA 疗法与利福昔明、非吸收性双糖、新霉素和支链氨基酸进行了比较,结果证明 LOLA 疗法存在较高的临床有效性趋势,但此优势并不明显。[49]Zhu GQ, Shi KQ, Huang S, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41:624-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25684317?tool=bestpractice.com此外,在肝性脑病的治疗中比较 LOLA 疗法与乳果糖疗法的研究较少,只有一项研究结果显示二者没有区别。[50]Mittal VV, Sharma BC, Sharma P, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing lactulose, probiotics, and L-ornithine L-aspartate in treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23:725-732.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646910?tool=bestpractice.com临床改善:有高质量证据表明,门冬氨酸鸟氨酸 (LOLA) 相比安慰剂,对改善肝性脑病有显著效果,[45]Jiang Q, Jiang XH, Zheng MH, et al. L-Ornithine-l-aspartate in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:9-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823442?tool=bestpractice.com有中等质量证据表明,它具有优于利福昔明、非吸收性双糖和新霉素的趋势。[49]Zhu GQ, Shi KQ, Huang S, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41:624-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25684317?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
长期疗法
应注意帮助慢性肝病患者避免复发。这包括尽可能避免使用精神药物、预防自发性细菌性腹膜炎(视患者病情)、避免便秘、预防胃肠道出血。肝性脑病的预后很差,初次脑病发作后,合适的候选者应转诊至肝移植中心。用于估计疾病严重程度和移植候选者列表的最常用预后模型是终末期肝病模型 (MELD) 分数。得分≥15 分表明应转诊并进行移植评估。[52]Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with
end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001;33:464-470.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2001.22172/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11172350?tool=bestpractice.com
研究者已经证明乳果糖预防疗法可有效预防肝硬化患者的肝性脑病复发。[53]Sharma BC, Sharma P, Agrawal A, et al. Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: an open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus placebo. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:885-891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501587?tool=bestpractice.com对于患有肝硬化/门静脉高压的患者(可耐受乳果糖),有肝性脑病病史者或肝性脑病反复发作者,应长期服用乳果糖。预防复发:有中等级别的证据表明,与安慰剂相比,乳果糖可有效预防肝硬化患者的肝性脑病复发。[53]Sharma BC, Sharma P, Agrawal A, et al. Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: an open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus placebo. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:885-891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501587?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。一项随机对照试验表明,益生菌治疗也可能有效预防肝性脑病复发,[54]Agrawal A, Sharma BC, Sharma P, et al. Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: an open-label, randomized controlled trial of lactulose, probiotics, and no therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:1043-1050.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710579?tool=bestpractice.com但是还需要进一步的研究。