应根据症状和社会情况进行个体化治疗。确诊后第一步是向患者及其家人提供教育、支持及资源。该消息经常令人悲痛,并可能引起关于病程、时间进程及可能的治疗措施等诸多问题。应有社会工作者、心理学家或其他精神健康专业人员来提供情感支持和社会心理支持。应将患者转至社会服务机构(如美国阿尔茨海默病协会)。现已出版许多实用的书籍和小册子。Alzheimer's AssociationNational Institute on Aging: About Alzheimer's disease - caregivingMedlinePlus: Alzheimer's caregiversFamily Caregiver Alliance resource center
家人应意识到,记忆、行为、情绪及功能会不可避免地出现疾病相关的缺陷(例如:失禁、不活动、意识混乱)。应在疾病症状的当前情况下,对这些进行探讨。为了评估一些特定领域,包括运输、驾驶及其他自理需求,应考虑进行家庭安全评估以及职业治疗人员评估。[69]Graff MJ, Vernooij-Dassen MJ, Thijssen M, et al. Effects of community occupational therapy on quality of life, mood, and health status in dementia patients and their caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62:1002-1009.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17895439?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Graff MJ, Adang EM, Vernooij-Dassen MJ, et al. Community occupational therapy for older patients with dementia and their care givers: cost effectiveness study. BMJ. 2008;336:134-138.http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7636/134.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171718?tool=bestpractice.com如果未准备卫生保健的事先声明或委托书,应开始准备这些文件,并进行其他关于临终的讨论。
应告知患者及其家庭使用药物和非药物治疗该疾病认知和行为症状的获益与风险,以便作出关于使用这些措施的知情决策。接下来的治疗步骤会视个体患者的具体症状以及照护者的需求及反应而定。虽然表明非药物干预可有效控制痴呆患者激越和攻击行为的证据很薄弱,但这些方法往往可增强照护者的信心,并减轻照护者的痛苦。[71]Brasure M, Jutkowitz E, Fuchs E, et al. Nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation and aggression in dementia: comparative effectiveness reviews, no. 177. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2016.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK356163/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27099894?tool=bestpractice.com一项 meta 分析显示,照护者支持团体对照护者有益,如果有条件,则应予以考虑。[72]Chien LY, Chu H, Guo JL, et al. Caregiver support groups in patients with dementia: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26:1089-1098.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21308785?tool=bestpractice.com
晚期/末期护理包括姑息性措施、临终选择及与家人探讨护理目标。美国阿尔茨海默病协会宣传册对这些事项进行了概括介绍。Alzheimer's Association: Publications
药物干预包括:应用胆碱酯酶抑制剂、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 受体拮抗剂,以及针对非药物干预难治性行为症状,谨慎使用小剂量抗精神病药物、心境稳定剂及苯二氮䓬类药物。
认知障碍:推荐的药物治疗
药物治疗的主要目标是:
通过维持记忆和功能方面的能力来减缓疾病症状进展
减轻行为障碍
推迟入住疗养院。
药物治疗并不能延长寿命或延长疾病病程。虽然少数个体的记忆有显著改善,但是大部分治疗起效患者的疾病相关症状仅相对稳定 1-2 年。两类主要药物治疗被用于 AD:
两类药物的作用机制不同,可联合用药,以获取更大的潜在有效性。[74]Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, et al. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:317-324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734594?tool=bestpractice.com[75]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. May 2016. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 19 June 2017).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA217两类药物通过改变神经递质的平衡发挥作用,该平衡因神经元损伤而被破坏。
在 3 种已批准的胆碱酯酶抑制剂中,美国食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 仅批准使用多奈哌齐。卡巴拉汀 (rivastigmine) 和加兰他敏被批准用于治疗轻度至中度 AD。认知症状和功能:低质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂(多奈哌齐、加兰他敏、卡巴拉汀)能更有效地改善痴呆患者的认知功能评分、整体功能评分及日常生活活动评分。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。很少使用他克林(第一种被批准用于 AD 的药物),因为担心它具有致命的肝脏毒性和显著的胃肠道副作用。[76]Blackard WG Jr, Sood GK, Crowe DR, et al. Tacrine. A cause of fatal hepatotoxicity? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;26:57-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9492866?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Watkins PB, Zimmerman HJ, Knapp MJ, et al. Hepatotoxic effects of tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA. 1994;271:992-998.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8139084?tool=bestpractice.com认知症状和功能:低质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,服用他克林可改善 AD 患者 3-36 周的认知功能状态和整体功能状态。不良反应(恶心、呕吐、腹泻、厌食和腹痛)常见。[78]Butler R, Radhakrishnan R. Dementia. BMJ Clin Evid. September 2012. http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ (last accessed 19 June 2017).http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/x/systematic-review/1001/overview.html[79]Mecocci P, Bladström A, Stender K. Effects of memantine on cognition in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: post-hoc analyses of ADAS-cog and SIB total and single-item scores from six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:532-538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19274640?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。这些药物可口服,现在也有卡巴拉汀透皮制剂;这种贴剂与口服疗法具有相似的有效性,[80]Winblad B, Grossberg G, Frölich L, et al. IDEAL: a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the first skin patch for Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2007;69(4 Suppl 1):S14-S22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646619?tool=bestpractice.com并且依从性更高,[81]Small G, Dubois B. A review of compliance to treatment in Alzheimer's disease: potential benefits of a transdermal patch. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:2705-2713.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17892635?tool=bestpractice.com部分证据表明它可以减少胆碱能性不良反应,与胶囊制剂相比,照护者更喜欢使用贴剂。[73]Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD005593.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005593/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437532?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Blesa R, Ballard C, Orgogozo JM, et al. Caregiver preference for rivastigmine patches versus capsules for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2007;69(4 Suppl 1):S23-S28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646620?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Grossberg GS, Sadowsky C, Olin JT. Rivastigmine transdermal system for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Int J Clin Practice. 2010;64:651-660.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102418?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Darreh-Shori T, Jelic V. Safety and tolerability of transdermal and oral rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010;9:167-176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20021294?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Birks JS, Chong LY, Grimley Evans J. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD001191.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001191.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393402?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.794/full显示答案 一项研究表明,较大剂量贴剂可能提供更大益处,并且已被美国 FDA 批准使用。[86]Cummings J, Froelich L, Black SE, et al. Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, 48-week study for efficacy and safety of a higher-dose rivastigmine patch (15 vs. 10 cm^2) in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2012;33:341-353.http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/340056http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22796905?tool=bestpractice.com经历副作用的患者可从口服治疗过渡到经皮治疗,而且不会发生严重并发症。[87]Sadowsky CH, Dengiz A, Olin JT, et al. Switching from donepezil tablets to rivastigmine transdermal patch in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2009;24:267-275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19293130?tool=bestpractice.com
目前已有每日一次的缓释型加兰他敏制剂;当依从性或给药合理性成为问题时,可予以考虑。研究显示,加兰他敏 16 mg/日是轻度 AD 患者的最佳给药剂量。加兰他敏 24 mg/日对中度 AD 患者有效。[88]Aronson S, Van Baelen B, Kavanagh S, et al. Optimal dosing of galantamine
in patients with mild or moderate Alzheimer's disease: post hoc analysis of a
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drugs Aging.
2009;26:231-239.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358618?tool=bestpractice.com研究显示,多奈哌齐对任何阶段的该疾病均有效。仅批准将较高剂量配方用于重度疾病,但剂量较高时副作用(尤其是胃肠道副作用)会显著增加。[89]Farlow MR, Salloway S, Tariot PN, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of high-dose (23 mg/d) versus standard-dose (10 mg/d) donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind study. Clin Ther. 2010;32:1234-1251.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068609/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678673?tool=bestpractice.com所有治疗应从尽可能低的剂量开始,逐步调整剂量,以最大程度减少胆碱能性不良反应。对于药代动力学更敏感的老年患者以及病情可因乙酰胆碱代谢改变而加重的患者,这一点尤其重要。肾脏损害和肝功能障碍也会影响给药。随着症状增加以及行为、心理症状的恶化,应考虑同时使用美金刚和胆碱酯酶抑制剂。
这些药物的临床益处较小。[73]Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD005593.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005593/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437532?tool=bestpractice.com认知症状和功能:低质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂(多奈哌齐、加兰他敏、卡巴拉汀)能更有效地改善痴呆患者的认知功能评分、整体功能评分及日常生活活动评分。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,非盲扩展试验显示,在持续接受治疗的情况下,其有效性可能持续 1 年以上。[90]Atri A, Rountree SD, Lopez OL, et al. Validity, significance, strengths, limitations, and evidentiary value of real-world clinical data for combination therapy in Alzheimer's disease: comparison of efficacy and effectiveness studies. Neurodegener Dis. 2012;10:170-174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22327239?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Winblad B, Wimo A, Engedal K, et al. 3- year study of donepezil therapy in Alzheimer's disease: effects of early and continuous therapy. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;21:353-363.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16508298?tool=bestpractice.com
一研究纳入了使用多奈哌齐至少3个月的中度至重度疾病患者,让这些患者停用多奈哌齐、继续使用多奈哌齐、停用多奈哌齐并使用美金刚或者继续使用多奈哌齐加用美金刚,结果显示继续应用多奈哌齐或美金刚治疗 12 个月能使认知和功能获得具有临床意义的改善。[92]Howard R, McShane R, Lindesay J, et al. Donepezil and memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:893-903.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106668#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22397651?tool=bestpractice.com
美金刚是一种部分 NMDA 拮抗剂。它的耐受性良好,能改善结局,[93]McShane R, Areosa Sastre A, Minakaran N. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD003154.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003154.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625572?tool=bestpractice.com被推荐用于中度至重度痴呆人群。[94]Reisberg B, Doody R, Stöffler A, et al. A 24-week open-label extension study of memantine in moderate to severe Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:49-54.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/790253http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16401736?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Mecocci P, Bladström A, Stender K. Effects of memantine on cognition in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: post-hoc analyses of ADAS-cog and SIB total and single-item scores from six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:532-538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19274640?tool=bestpractice.com认知症状和功能:低质量证据表明,对于中度至重度或轻度至中度 AD 患者,与应用安慰剂相比,应用美金刚可使 24-28 周的认知功能评分和整体功能评分出现轻微改善。[79]Mecocci P, Bladström A, Stender K. Effects of memantine on cognition in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: post-hoc analyses of ADAS-cog and SIB total and single-item scores from six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:532-538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19274640?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Butler R, Radhakrishnan R. Dementia. BMJ Clin Evid. September 2012. http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ (last accessed 19 June 2017).http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/x/systematic-review/1001/overview.html低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。可单独使用或联合胆碱酯酶抑制剂用于中度至重度痴呆。目前不推荐用于治疗轻度 AD。如果胆碱酯酶抑制剂不能被耐受和/或无效,则应单独给予美金刚。[95]Jones RW. A review comparing the safety and tolerability of memantine with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25:547-553.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20049770?tool=bestpractice.com
认知障碍:证据有限或没有效果的药物治疗
关于抗炎药物对减慢 AD 进展的有效性,尚有争议。研究表明,传统非甾体抗炎药 (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID)[96]Tabet N, Feldman H. Indomethacin for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD003673.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12076498?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Tabet N, Feldmand H. Ibuprofen for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD004031.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804498?tool=bestpractice.com认知功能:中等质量证据表明,与应用安慰剂相比,使用 1 年的萘普生和塞来考昔,并不能更有效改善轻度至中度痴呆患者的认知功能评分或总体功能评分,并且使用 1 年的萘普生也不能更有效改善日常生活活动评分。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。以及 COX-2 抑制剂都对该病的认知或行为症状没有一致或具有临床意义的影响。罗非考昔(一种 COX-2 抑制剂)已因不良心脏事件而被停止使用,塞来考昔因致命性心血管血栓事件和胃肠道出血被贴上黑框警告标签。阿司匹林等传统非甾体抗炎药可能会有一些作用,特别是如果疾病是混合型或伴有心血管危险因素。非甾体抗炎药预防AD:有中等质量证据表明,关于这种类型的治疗,无充分证据。考虑到炎症是AD假设的潜在病因,一项系统评价和之后的多项研究对非甾体抗炎药预防AD的作用的提出质疑。一项meta分析显示,阿司匹林使用者的汇总相对风险较低,为0.87 (95% CI 0.70-1.07),表明非甾体抗炎药在部分程度上可预防发生 AD。然而,尚不清楚合适的剂量、用药持续时间及风险-获益比。[98]Andersen K, Launer LJ, Ott A, et al. Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the risk for Alzheimer's disease? The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 1995;45:1441-1445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7644037?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Etminan M, Gill S, Samii A. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on risk of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 2003;327:128.http://www.bmj.com/content/327/7407/128.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869452?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。然而,又存在其他担忧,因为使用阿司匹林可能与 AD 患者颅内出血风险增高有关。[100]Thoonsen H, Richard E, Bentham P, et al. Aspirin in Alzheimer's disease: increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: cause for concern? Stroke. 2010;41:2690-2692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930165?tool=bestpractice.comCochrane 系统评价总结道,没有证据支持将这些药物用于治疗 AD。[101]Jaturapatporn D, Isaac MG, McCleery J, et al. Aspirin, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD006378.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006378.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22336816?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Do NSAIDs, aspirin, or corticosteroids improve outcomes in people with Alzheimer's disease?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.83/full显示答案
一项 Cochrane 综述发现,没有证据表明给予轻度认知障碍 (mild cognitive impairment, MCI) 患者维生素 E 可预防其进展为痴呆,也没有证明维生素 E 可以改善由 AD 引起的 MCI 或痴呆患者的认知功能。[39]Farina N, Llewellyn D, Isaac MGEKN, et al. Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(4):CD002854.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002854.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28418065?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of vitamin E in people with Alzheimer's dementia and in those with mild cognitive impairment?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1607/full显示答案 有关银杏制剂在 AD 治疗和预防方面功效的证据不一致。[41]DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2253-2262.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/182920http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19017911?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Mazza M, Capuano A, Bria P, et al. Ginkgo biloba and donepezil: a comparison in the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:981-985.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16930364?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Ihl RT, Tribanek M, Bachinskaya N. Baseline neuropsychiatric symptoms are effect modifiers in Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) treatment of dementia with neuropsychiatric features: retrospective data analyses of a randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Sci. 2010;299:184-187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837354?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Weinmann S, Roll S, Schwarzbach C, et al. Effects of Ginkgo biloba in dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2010;10:14.http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2318-10-14http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20236541?tool=bestpractice.com认知症状和功能:低质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,服用银杏制剂不能更有效改善 AD 和多发脑梗死性痴呆患者 22-26 周的认知功能评分。我们不清楚,对于痴呆或认知障碍患者,与应用安慰剂相比,应用银杏制剂是否能更有效改善 22-28 周的总体功能评分或日常生活活动评分,因为结果不一致,并且因所进行的精确分析不同而变化。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,关于总计超过 5000 例患者的纵向研究显示,它在防止患者从正常或轻度认知障碍进展至 AD 方面无益处。[40]Vellas B, Coley N, Ousset PJ, et al; GuidAge Study Group. Long-term use of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:851-859.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22959217?tool=bestpractice.com[41]DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2253-2262.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/182920http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19017911?tool=bestpractice.com因为与高纯度提取物相比,无需处方即可获得的银杏制剂在活性成份的纯度和浓度方面各有不同,因此通常不推荐这种治疗。研究表明,激素替代治疗(雌激素)可降低患阿尔茨海默病和其他类型痴呆的发生风险。但是,几乎没有高质量的证据表明其有效。雌激素作为保护因素:低质量证据表明,激素替代疗法是这些患者的保护因素。一些研究设计质量差的观察性研究对雌激素与患 AD 风险之间的关系进行了评估。需要更多随机对照试验,以进一步阐明这种关系。随机对照试验和一项系统评价显示,没有证据表明这种治疗可有效降低患 AD 的风险。[42]Kawas C, Resnick S, Morrison A, et al. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurology. 1997;48:1517-1521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9191758?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Tang MX, Jacobs D, Stern Y, et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1996;348:429-432.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8709781?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Hogervorst E, Yaffe K, Richards M, et al. Hormone replacement therapy to maintain cognitive function in women with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD003799.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003799.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160224?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
试验结果还显示,他汀类降脂药物、[105]McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, et al. Statins for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(7):CD007514.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007514.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25004278?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Feldman HH, Doody RS, Kivipelto M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: LEADe. Neurology. 2010;74:956-964.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20200346?tool=bestpractice.com[107]Desilets AR. The role of statins in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Technology. 2010;26:276-284.ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸、[108]Burckhardt M, Herke M, Wustmann T, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):CD009002.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009002.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063583?tool=bestpractice.com罗格列酮(一种降糖药)[109]Gold MA, Alderton C, Zvartau-Hind M, et al. Rosiglitazone monotherapy in mild-to-moderate alzheimer's disease: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis. 2010;30:131-146.http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/318845http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20733306?tool=bestpractice.com及一种非甾体抗炎药 Tarenflurbil[110]Green RC, Schneider LS, Amato DA, et al. Effect of tarenflurbil on cognitive decline and activities of daily living in patients with mild Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;302:2557-2564.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185073http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009055?tool=bestpractice.com对 AD 临床体征和症状没有显著影响。
认知障碍:证据有限或没有效果的非药物治疗
有限的证据表明,音乐疗法、[111]Chang YS, Chu H, Yang CY, et al. The efficacy of music therapy for people with dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24:3425-3440.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26299594?tool=bestpractice.com温柔触摸及体育锻炼对 AD 治疗可能有益。[112]Hulme CW, Wright J, Crocker T, et al. Non-pharmacological approaches for dementia that informal carers might try or access: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25:756-763.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19946870?tool=bestpractice.com音乐疗法已经显示可以适度改善痴呆患者的抑郁症状,但对激越或攻击性的效果很小或没有任何效果。[113]van der Steen JT, van Soest-Poortvliet MC, van der Wouden JC, et al. Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(5):CD003477.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003477.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462986?tool=bestpractice.com一项 Cochrane 综述表明,运动可能会改善痴呆患者的日常生活活动,但未发现运动对认知、抑郁症状或行为有益的证据。[114]Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, et al. Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD006489.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25874613?tool=bestpractice.com在相关照护者的帮助下使用记忆辅助工具也可能有益。[115]Egan MB, Bérubé D, Racine G, et al. Methods to enhance verbal communication between individuals with Alzheimer's disease and their formal and informal caregivers: a systematic review. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;2010:906818.https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijad/2010/906818/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798856?tool=bestpractice.com只有有限的证据表明对早期痴呆患者进行认知康复干预有用,但是关于这方面的随机对照临床试验较少。[37]Bahar-Fuchs A, Clare L, Woods B. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD003260.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003260.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23740535?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Vidovich M, Almeida OP. Cognition-focused interventions for older adults: the state of play. Australas Psychiatry. 2011;19:313-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21864011?tool=bestpractice.com一项随机对照临床试验确实表明,认知刺激治疗方案有一些益处。[117]Orrell M, Aguirre E, Spector A, et al. Maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: single-blind, multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:454-461.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/204/6/454.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24676963?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with mild to moderate dementia, what are the effects of cognitive stimulation?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.84/full显示答案
在二十世纪 60 年代和二十世纪 70 年代,研发出了用于痴呆患者的认可疗法。该疗法强化患者的真实情况和个人事实。目前无足够的证据支持推荐使用此疗法。[118]Neal M, Briggs M, et al. Validation therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD001394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917907?tool=bestpractice.com认可疗法的有效性:低质量证据表明,认可疗法是一种有效的干预措施。认可疗法与社会接触疗法以及认可疗法与常规疗法的效果差异无统计学意义。一项 Cochrane 系统评价分析了 3 项试验的数据,由于这 3 项试验的研究设计不同而难以汇总。关于痴呆或认知障碍患者接受认可疗法的效果,未得出明确结论。[118]Neal M, Briggs M, et al. Validation therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD001394.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917907?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。目前也没有足够的证据推荐使用怀旧疗法。认知症状和功能:低质量证据表明,在改善痴呆(未指明类型和严重程度)患者4-6 周的认知功能方面,怀旧疗法可能比安慰剂更有效,但我们不清楚更长期的效果。然而,随机对照临床试验 (RCT) 具有重要的方法学弱点,这限制得出任何结论。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
行为和心理症状管理:概述
虽然之前的研究更注重该病的认知症状,但是行为症状的管理也同样重要。这些表现是 AD 固有的,随着疾病不断进展,治疗变得越来越困难。AD 的行为和心理症状包括:
这些表现的管理应包括照护者、家庭、医生及医疗机构之间的协调。应用药物治疗之前应先尝试所有行为疗法。需要注意的是,行为症状与更迅速的进展有关,[119]Peters ME, Schwartz S, Han D, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms as predictors of progression to severe Alzheimer's dementia and death: the Cache County Dementia Progression Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172:460-465.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25585033?tool=bestpractice.com并且可预测此类人群因非精神病原因而入院,但尚不清楚这种相关性的机制。[120]Russ TC, Parra MA, Lim AE, et al. Prediction of general hospital admission in people with dementia: cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206:153-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395686?tool=bestpractice.com
行为和心理症状管理:非药物治疗
应鼓励家人和照护者促进患者的自理能力,使其尽可能长久维持。提供舒适环境和鼓励社交聚会等简单措施有助于患者作出调整来适应周围环境,并减轻其焦虑和激越。园艺工作、使用吸尘器及摆餐具等活动可作为日常活动,能培养自我价值感。携带身份识别腕带或声音和运动探测器等措施能为漫游徘徊的患者提供安全的环境,并最大程度减轻照护者负担。有建议指出,可以携带采用全球定位技术的设备,对于难以照顾的病例,该设备能使照护者感到安心。Alzheimer's Society: assistive technology
AD 患者会经常失眠。让患者在白天多活动的措以及避免小睡,可以减少夜间觉醒。研究表明,睡眠卫生、每日散步及光照疗法等其他措施可改善睡眠质量。[121]McCurry SM, Gibbons LE, Logsdon RG, et al. Nighttime insomnia treatment and education for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:793-802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15877554?tool=bestpractice.com提供安排合理、平静的日常生活有助于改善激越、妄想及幻觉等行为。有用的措施包括:
应提供照护者支持和口头咨询,因为这可能有助于推迟患者入住疗养院的时间,并减轻照护者的抑郁。[122]Mittelman MS, Haley WE, Clay OJ, et al. Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006;67:1592-1599.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17101889?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Lins S, Hayder-Beichel D, Rücker G, et al. Efficacy and experiences of telephone counselling for informal carers of people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD009126.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009126.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25177838?tool=bestpractice.com照护者支持:高质量的证据表明,与常规护理相比,为照护者提供咨询和支持可以降低入住疗养院的比例。一项随机对照试验对406 名由配偶照顾的社区患者进行研究,比较了强化咨询和支持干预与常规护理的效果。干预包括 6 次患者个体和家庭咨询、支持团体参与和时刻在线的专设电话咨询。与常规护理相比,可使疗养院入住比例下降了 28.3%。[122]Mittelman MS, Haley WE, Clay OJ, et al. Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006;67:1592-1599.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17101889?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。研究表明,抑郁管理中的锻炼行为和心理症状:我们不清楚在改善痴呆患者的神经精神症状方面,运动是否比安慰剂更有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和教育方案对痴呆患者有一些功能方面的益处。[124]Teri L, Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, et al. Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2015-2022.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/197483http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559955?tool=bestpractice.com参与常规锻炼老年人的 AD 发病时间延迟。[125]Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:73-81.http://annals.org/aim/article/719427/exercise-associated-reduced-risk-incident-dementia-among-persons-65-yearshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418406?tool=bestpractice.com肯定、重新定向、平静舒缓的环境、音乐、更加个体化的护理以及避免身体限制等技术,在 AD 护理中很常见,无论是在疗养院内,还是疗养院外。[126]Konno R, Kang HS, Makimoto K. A best-evidence review of intervention studies for minimizing resistance-to-care behaviours for older adults with dementia in nursing homes. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70:2167-2180.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jan.12432/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24738712?tool=bestpractice.com
一些数据表明,非药物干预(例如,认知行为疗法、人际关系疗法)可能会减轻轻度痴呆患者的焦虑和抑郁症状。[127]Orgeta V, Qazi A, Spector A, et al. Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;207:293-298.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/207/4/293.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26429684?tool=bestpractice.com
行为和心理症状管理:药物治疗
治疗的目的:
减轻症状严重程度
改善患者的生活质量
减轻照护者压力。
AD 患者行为症状的发生率如下:激越 50%-70%、焦虑 30%-50%、抑郁 25%-50%、妄想 15%-50% 及幻觉 0%-25%。[121]McCurry SM, Gibbons LE, Logsdon RG, et al. Nighttime insomnia treatment and education for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:793-802.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15877554?tool=bestpractice.com治疗行为症状的一个最重要的环节是确保患者已经在服用胆碱酯酶抑制剂。[128]Trinh NH, Hoblyn J, Mohanty S, et al. Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional impairment in Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003;289:210-216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12517232?tool=bestpractice.com
其他策略不起效时,应实施药物管理。抑郁是 AD 患者很常见的症状,对认知功能有显著影响,还会增加照护者的压力。选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, SSRI) 被认为是有抑郁症状的 AD 患者的首选治疗,但一项荟萃分析和之后的一些临床试验对这些患者接受抑制剂治疗的效果提出了质疑。[129]Sepehry AA, Lee PE, Hsiung GY, et al. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease with comorbid depression: a meta-analysis of depression and cognitive outcomes. Drugs Aging. 2012;29:793-806.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079957?tool=bestpractice.com[130]Banerjee S, Hellier J, Romeo R, et al. Study of the use of antidepressants for depression in dementia: the HTA-SADD trial - a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of sertraline and mirtazapine. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-166.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK260356/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23438937?tool=bestpractice.com然而,没有其他已知的有效治疗方法,因此仍然考虑将这些药物作为首选治疗药物。推荐进行限定时间的试验性用药(即 3-6 个月),同时仔细监测不良反应和疗效(例如,采用老年抑郁量表或康奈尔痴呆抑郁量表)。应考虑将舍曲林、[131]Lyketsos CG, DelCampo L, Steinberg M, et al. Treating depression in Alzheimer disease: efficacy and safety of sertraline therapy, and the benefits of depression reduction: the DIADS. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:737-746.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/207604http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860778?tool=bestpractice.com西酞普兰及艾司西酞普兰作为一线治疗药物,而具有较长半衰期和更多 P450 相互作用(氟西汀、帕罗西汀)的药物应慎用。行为和心理症状:有低质量证据表明,对于与 AD 有关的抑郁患者,在增加见效患者比例(指抑郁标准指标减轻 50% 或更高)和增加症状缓解患者比例(指 Hamilton 抑郁量表 [17项版本] 评分<8分)方面,抗抑郁药(米帕明、氟西汀、丙咪嗪、舍曲林)可能比安慰剂更有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。出现食欲不振和失眠时,使用米氮平是一种恰当的治疗。
关于对这类患者应用抗精神病药物,争议越来越多。[132]Kales HC, Valenstein M, Kim HM, et al. Mortality risk in patients with dementia treated with antipsychotics versus other psychiatric medications. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1568-1576.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898349?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2335-2341.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052827#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319382?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In dementia with agitation, is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of haloperidol?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.196/full显示答案 一些研究显示,利培酮等抗精神病药物可在一定程度上改善行为症状。[134]Katz I, de Deyn PP, Mintzer J, et al. The efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of psychosis of Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia: a meta-analysis of 4 placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22:475-484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17471598?tool=bestpractice.com行为和心理症状:低质量的证据表明,对于 AD 患者,与使用安慰剂相比,使用利培酮能减轻 6-12 周的神经精神症状(通过神经精神量表 [Neuropsychiatric Inventory, NPI]或 阿尔茨海默病病理行为评分表 [Behavioural Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating,BEHAVE-AD] 评估);与安慰剂相比,氟哌啶醇在减轻 AD 或血管性痴呆患者攻击性方面更有效,但不减轻激越。我们尚不清楚,对于 AD、血管性痴呆或混合型痴呆患者,在减轻 6-12 周的神经精神症状方面(通过 NPI 或 BEHAVE-AD 进行评估),奥氮平是否比安慰剂更有效。我们尚不清楚,对于 AD 或血管性痴呆患者,在减轻 26 周时的攻击行为方面(通过 CMAI 评分进行评估),喹硫平是否比安慰剂更有效。对于存在精神病、攻击性或激越的 AD 患者,在缩短至因任何原因停止治疗的时间方面,奥氮平、利培酮及喹硫平可能不比安慰剂更有效,但在缩短至因缺乏疗效而停止治疗的时间方面,奥氮平和利培酮可能比安慰剂更有效(未进一步明确)。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,有证据表明,使用典型和非典型抗精神病药物均导致了痴呆患者的死亡率增加(潜在机制尚不清楚),[132]Kales HC, Valenstein M, Kim HM, et al. Mortality risk in patients with dementia treated with antipsychotics versus other psychiatric medications. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1568-1576.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898349?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2335-2341.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052827#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319382?tool=bestpractice.com并且使用非典型抗精神病药物增加了急性肾损伤风险。[135]Hwang YJ, Dixon SN, Reiss JP, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk for acute kidney injury and other adverse outcomes in older adults: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:242-248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25133360?tool=bestpractice.com服用抗精神病药后死亡率上升和 AD:有中等质量的证据表明,在老年痴呆人群中,因治疗痴呆相关的精神病而使用典型和非典型抗精神病药均与死亡率上升有关。[132]Kales HC, Valenstein M, Kim HM, et al. Mortality risk in patients with dementia treated with antipsychotics versus other psychiatric medications. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1568-1576.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17898349?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2335-2341.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052827#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319382?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。对于所有用于治疗痴呆相关精神障碍的非典型和典型抗精神病药物,FDA 已发出了黑框警告。服用常规抗精神病药物时锥体外系副作用更常见,对于这类人群,应更加注意。对于激越、徘徊游荡、幻觉及妄想等症状,许多临床医生会继续使用这些药物。如果有证据表明患有血管性痴呆,则应避免使用抗精神病药物,因为有报道称卒中和心血管事件的发生率会增加。一项 2015 年的系统评价和 meta 分析得出的结论为,胆碱酯酶抑制剂和非典型抗精神病药物可能影响阿尔茨海默痴呆患者的行为,但应谨慎使用。[136]Wang J, Yu JT, Wang HF, et al. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:101-109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876182?tool=bestpractice.com
使用极低剂量可能对管理精神病症状有一定作用。不过,
应先尝试所有的行为和社会心理疗法。[137]Ihl R, Frölich L, Winblad B, et al; WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2011;12:2-32.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/WFSBP_Treatment_Guidelines_Dementia.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21288069?tool=bestpractice.com
应频繁监测认知和定向功能。
应与照护者讨论相关风险,并与他们合作制定决策。
在疗养院应有特殊护理,在这些机构,因为难以管理具有危险性的行为,可能发生非故意的用药剂量增加,而未充分意识到其风险。
如果有证据表明存在神经病学症状、意识混乱增加或活动减少,应停止治疗。此外,应适当监测心脏和代谢方面的副作用。
已将选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 用于治疗行为症状。[138]Huang TY, Wei YJ, Moyo P, et al. Treated behavioral symptoms and mortality in Medicare beneficiaries in nursing homes with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63:1757-1765.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26310959?tool=bestpractice.com一项随机、对照临床试验的数据表明,西酞普兰可减轻患者的激越、易激惹、焦虑、妄想以及照护者的痛苦。[139]Porsteinsson AP, Drye LT, Pollock BG, et al; CitAD Research Group. Effect of citalopram on agitation in Alzheimer disease: the CitAD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311:682-691.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1829989http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24549548?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Leonpacher AK, Peters ME, Drye LT, et al; CitAD Research Group. Effects of citalopram on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's dementia: evidence from the CitAD study. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:473-480.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27032628?tool=bestpractice.com有较轻微认知障碍和中度激越的患者更可能对西酞普兰有反应。[141]Schneider LS, Frangakis C, Drye LT, et al; CitAD Research Group. Heterogeneity of treatment response to citalopram for patients with Alzheimer's disease with aggression or agitation: the CitAD randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:465-472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26771737?tool=bestpractice.com监测心脏副作用(例如 QT 间期延长)很重要。
关于卡马西平在治疗激越和攻击性方面的有效性,已有一些证据。[142]Tariot PN, Erb R, Podgorski CA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of carbamazepine for agitation and aggression in dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:54-61.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.155.1.54http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9433339?tool=bestpractice.com行为和心理症状:有低质量证据表明,在改善痴呆患者的心理症状方面,卡马西平可能比安慰剂更有效(通过简明精神病评定量表 [Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, BPRS] 进行评估)。我们不清楚丙戊酸钠/丙戊酸在改善痴呆患者的神经精神症状方面是否比安慰剂更有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。研究显示,与氟哌啶醇等典型药剂相比,曲唑酮有助于治疗AD 相关的激越。[143]Sultzer DL, Gray KF, Gunay I, et al. A double-blind comparison of trazodone and haloperidol for treatment of agitation in patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;5:60-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9169246?tool=bestpractice.com有一些证据表明,低剂量曲唑酮能改善 AD 患者的睡眠。[144]McCleery J, Cohen DA, Sharpley AL. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(11):CD009178.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009178.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27851868?tool=bestpractice.com