主动脉瓣反流的患者病程较长且有潜在的并发症,对于AR初诊的患者,医师应密切随访。这些患者应根据反流程度、左室射血分数(LVEF)和左室大小定期随访监测。
无症状的轻度慢性AR且LVEF正常的患者可每年随访一次,每3~5年常规行超声心动图检查。无症状的慢性重度AR且LVEF正常的患者应根据左室大小定期随访监测。[1]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:e521-e643.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/63/22/e57http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24589853?tool=bestpractice.com
左室收缩末径<45mm且舒张末径<60mm的患者每6~12个月进行一次临床评估,每12个月行超声心动图检查。[1]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:e521-e643.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/63/22/e57http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24589853?tool=bestpractice.com
左室收缩末径45~50mm且舒张末径60~70mm的患者,每6个月进行一次临床评估,每12个月需行超声心动图检查。[1]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:e521-e643.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/63/22/e57http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24589853?tool=bestpractice.com
左室收缩末径50~55mm、舒张末径70~75mm,且运动后血流动力学稳定的患者需每6个月进行一次临床评估,每6个月行超声心动图检查。[1]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:e521-e643.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/63/22/e57http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24589853?tool=bestpractice.com
主动脉根部扩张且直径>4cm的患者应每年行超声心动图、CT或MRI扫描评估主动脉根部和升主动脉。[1]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:e521-e643.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/63/22/e57http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24589853?tool=bestpractice.com
行主动脉瓣置换或修复术的患者在术后早期和晚期均需密切随访、定期监测。无症状的患者应每年随访,询问完整病史并做全面体格检查。[1]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:e521-e643.http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/63/22/e57http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24589853?tool=bestpractice.com临床病情有任何变化的患者都需行超声心动图检查。
人工瓣膜的患者血栓栓塞的风险较高,需要行抗栓治疗。必须权衡出血风险和抗凝治疗的获益