颅骨骨折

Ersahin Y, Mutluer S, Mirzai H, et al. Pediatric depressed skull fractures: analysis of 530 cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 1996;12:323-331.

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Smits M, Dippel DW, de Haan GG, et al. Minor head injury: guidelines for the use of CT - a multicenter validation study. Radiology. 2007;245:831-838.

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Macpherson BC, MacPherson P, Jennett B. CT evidence of intracranial contusion and haematoma in relation to the presence, site and type of skull fracture. Clin Radiol. 1990;42:321-326.

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Al-Haddad SA, Kirollos R. A 5-year study of the outcome of surgically treated depressed skull fractures. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2002;84:196-200.

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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. June 2017. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 17 August 2017).

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Gravel J, Gouin S, Chalut D, et al. Derivation and validation of a clinical decision rule to identify young children with skull fracture following isolated head trauma. CMAJ. 2015;187:1202-1208.

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Pretto Flores L, De Almeida CS, Casulari LA. Positive predictive values of selected clinical signs associated with skull base fractures. J Neurosurg Sci. 2000;44:77-82.

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Oller DW, Meredith JW, Rutledge R, et al. The relationship between face or skull fractures and cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: a review of 13,834 patients. Acid Anal Prev. 1992;24:1887-1892.

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Ratilal B, Costa J, Pappamikail L, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD004884.

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Yetiser S, Hidir Y, Gonul E. Facial nerve problems and hearing loss in patients with temporal bone fractures: demographic data. J Trauma. 2008;65:1314-1320.

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1.  Servadei F, Ciucci G, Pagano F, et al. Skull fracture as a risk factor of intracranial complications in minor head injuries: a prospective CT study in a series of 98 adult patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:526-528.

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2.  Besenski N. Traumatic injuries: imaging of head injuries. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:1237-1252.

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3.  Ersahin Y, Mutluer S, Mirzai H, et al. Pediatric depressed skull fractures: analysis of 530 cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 1996;12:323-331.

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4.  Mithani SK, St-Hilaire H, Brooke BS, et al. Predictable patterns of intracranial and cervical spine injury in craniomaxillofacial trauma: analysis of 4786 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123:1293-1301.

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5.  Smits M, Dippel DW, de Haan GG, et al. Minor head injury: guidelines for the use of CT - a multicenter validation study. Radiology. 2007;245:831-838.

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6.  Galarneau MR, Woodruff SI, Dye JL, et al. Traumatic brain injury during Operation Iraqi Freedom: findings from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Combat Trauma Registry. J Neurosurg. 2008;108:950-957.

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7.  Shane SA, Fuchs SM. Skull fractures in infants and predictors of associated intracranial injury. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1997;13:198-203.

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8.  Macpherson BC, MacPherson P, Jennett B. CT evidence of intracranial contusion and haematoma in relation to the presence, site and type of skull fracture. Clin Radiol. 1990;42:321-326.

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9.  Al-Haddad SA, Kirollos R. A 5-year study of the outcome of surgically treated depressed skull fractures. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2002;84:196-200.

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10.  Jandial R, Reichwage B, Levy M, et al. Ballistics for the neurosurgeon. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:472-480.

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11.  McIntosh AS, McCrory P, Finch CF, et al. Does padded headgear prevent head injury in rugby union football? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:306-313.

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12.  McIntosh AS, McCrory P. Preventing head and neck injury. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:314-318.

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13.  Macnab AJ, Smith T, Gagnon FA, et al. Effect of helmet wear on the incidence of head/face and cervical spine injuries in young skiers and snowboarders. Inj Prev. 2002;8:324-327.

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14.  Rughani AI, Lin CT, Ares WJ, et al. Helmet use and reduction in skull fractures in skiers and snowboarders admitted to the hospital. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;7:268-271.

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15.  Bergenstal J, Davisk SM, Sikor R, et al. Pediatric bicycle injury prevention and the effect of helmet use: the West Virginia experience. W V Med J. 2012;108:78-81.

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16.  Miller M, Davidov D, Tillotson R, et al. Injury prevention and recreational all-terrain vehicle use: the impact of helmet use in West Virginia. W V Med J. 2012;108:96-101.

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17.  Bowman SM, Aitken ME, Helmkamp JC, et al. Impact of helmets on injuries to riders of all-terrain vehicles. Inj Prev. 2009;15:3-7.

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18.  Liu B, Ivers R, Norton R, et al. Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004333.

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19.  Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson R. Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001855.

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20.  Missliwetz J, Wieser I. Gunshot wounds of the head in soldiers wearing military helmets - general aspects and experiments and observations on the biomechanics and wound morphology [in German]. Z Rechtsmed. 1989;102:41-54.

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21.  Barlow J, Simkiss D, Stewart Brown S. Interventions to prevent or ameliorate child physical abuse and neglect, findings from a systematic review. J Child Services. 2006;1:6-28.

22.  Dias MS, Smith K, DeGuehery K, et al. Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: a hospital-based, parent education program. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e470-e477.

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23.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. June 2017. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 17 August 2017).

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24.  Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, et al. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:100-105.

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25.  Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, et al. The Canadian CT head rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001;357:1391-1396.

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26.  Gravel J, Gouin S, Chalut D, et al. Derivation and validation of a clinical decision rule to identify young children with skull fracture following isolated head trauma. CMAJ. 2015;187:1202-1208.

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27.  Pretto Flores L, De Almeida CS, Casulari LA. Positive predictive values of selected clinical signs associated with skull base fractures. J Neurosurg Sci. 2000;44:77-82.

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28.  Dula D, Fales W. The "ring sign:" is it a reliable indicator for cerebral spinal fluid? Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:718-720.

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29.  Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2:81-84.

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30.  Roguski M, Morel B, Sweeney M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as an alternative to computed tomography in select patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective comparison. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;15:529-534.

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31.  Mulroy MH, Loyd AM, Frush DP, et al. Evaluation of pediatric skull fracture imaging techniques. Forensic Sci Int. 2012; 214:167-172.

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32.  Orman G, Wagner MW, Seeburg D, et al. Pediatric skull fracture diagnosis: should 3D CT reconstructions be added as routine imaging? J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;16:426-431.

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33.  Provenzale J. CT and MR imaging of acute cranial trauma. Emerg Radiol. 2007;14:1-12.

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34.  Ringl H, Schernthaner R, Philipp MO, et al. Three-dimensional fracture visualisation of multidetector CT of the skull base in trauma patients: comparison of three reconstruction algorithms. Eur Radiol. 2009;19:2416-2424.

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35.  Ringl H, Schernthaner RE, Schueller G, et al. The skull unfolded: a cranial CT visualization algorithm for fast and easy detection of skull fractures. Radiology. 2010;255:553-562.

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36.  Pandor A, Harnan S, Goodare S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical characteristics for identifying CT abnormality after minor brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29:707-718.

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37.  American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: head trauma. 2015. http://www.acr.org/ (last accessed 16 August 2017).

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38.  Bruce DA. Imaging after head trauma: why, when and which. Childs Nerv Syst. 2000;16:755-759.

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39.  Dempewolf R, Gubbels S, Hansen MR. Acute radiographic workup of blunt temporal bone trauma: maxillofacial versus temporal bone CT. Laryngoscope. 2009;119:442-448.

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40.  Zhao X, Rizzo A, Malek B, et al. Basilar skull fracture: a risk factor for transverse/sigmoid venous sinus obstruction. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25:104-111.

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41.  Donovan DJ. Simple depressed skull fracture causing sagittal sinus stenosis and increased intracranial pressure: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 2005;63:380-383.

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42.  Kim PD, Jennings JS, Fisher M, et al. Risk of cervical spine injury and other complications seen with skull fractures in the setting of mild closed head injury in young children: a retrospective study. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2008;44:124-127.

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43.  Oller DW, Meredith JW, Rutledge R, et al. The relationship between face or skull fractures and cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: a review of 13,834 patients. Acid Anal Prev. 1992;24:1887-1892.

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44.  Parri N, Crosby BJ, Glass C, et al. Ability of emergency ultrasonography to detect pediatric skull fractures: a prospective, observational study. J Emerg Med. 2013;44:135-141.

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45.  Rabiner JE, Friedman LM, Khine H, et al. Accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of skull fractures in children. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e1757-e1764.

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46.  Abuabara A. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: diagnosis and management. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007;12:E397-E400.

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47.  Bonfield CM, Naran S, Adetayo OA, et al. Pediatric skull fractures: the need for surgical intervention, characteristics, complications, and outcomes. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;14:205-211.

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48.  Demetriades D, Charalambides D, Lakhoo M, et al. Role of prophylactic antibiotics in open and basilar fractures of the skull: a randomized study. Injury. 1992;23:377-380.

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49.  Ratilal B, Costa J, Pappamikail L, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD004884.

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50.  Rehman L, Ghani E, Hussain A, et al. Infection in compound depressed fracture of the skull. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2007;17:140-143.

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51.  Nellis JC, Kesser BW, Park SS. What is the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in basilar skull fractures? Laryngoscope. 2014;124:8-9.

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52.  Kaptigau WM, Ke L, Rosenfeld JV. Open depressed and penetrating skull fractures in Port Moresby General Hospital from 2003 to 2005. P N G Med J. 2007;50:58-63.

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53.  Heary RF, Hunt CD, Krieger AJ, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of compound depressed skull fractures. J Trauma. 1993;35:441-447.

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54.  Marbacher S, Andres RH, Fathi AR, et al. Primary reconstruction of open depressed skull fractures with titanium mesh. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19:490-495.

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55.  Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, et al; Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Author Group. Surgical management of depressed cranial fractures. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(3 suppl):S56-S60.

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56.  Yetiser S, Hidir Y, Gonul E. Facial nerve problems and hearing loss in patients with temporal bone fractures: demographic data. J Trauma. 2008;65:1314-1320.

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57.  Dalgic A, Okay HO, Gezici AR, et al. An effective and less invasive treatment of post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula: closed lumbar drainage system. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2008;51:154-157.

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58.  Nash JJ, Friedland DR, Boorsma KJ, et al. Management and outcomes of facial paralysis from intratemporal blunt trauma: a systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:1397-1404.

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59.  Sherif C, Di leva A, Gibson D, et al. A management algorithm for cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with anterior skull base fractures: detailed clinical and radiological follow-up. Neurosurg Rev. 2012;35:227-237.

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60.  Yilmazlar S, Arslan E, Kocaeli H, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage complicating skull base fractures: analysis of 81 cases. Neurosurg Rev. 2006;29:64-71.

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61.  Liesemer K, Bratton SL, Zebrack CM, et al. Early post-traumatic seizures in moderate to severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: rates, risk factors, and clinical features. J Neurotrauma. 2011;28:755-762.

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62.  Beghi E. Overview of studies to prevent posttraumatic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2003;44 Suppl 10:21-26.

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63.  Temkin NR. Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: the human experience. Epilepsia. 2009;50 Suppl 2:10-13.

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64.  Chang BS, Lowenstein DH; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2003;60:10-16.

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65.  Sonig A, Thakur JD, Chittiboina P, et al. Is posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula a predictor of posttraumatic meningitis? A US nationwide inpatient sample database study. Neurosurg Focus. 2012;32:E4.

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66.  Coello AF, Canals AG, Gonzalez JM, et al. Cranial nerve injury after minor head trauma. J Neurosurg. 2010;113:547-555.

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67.  Dunklebarger J, Branstetter B 4th, Lincoln A, et al. Pediatric temporal bone fractures: current trends and comparison of classification schemes. Laryngoscope. 2014;124:781-784.

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68.  Montava M, Mancini J, Masson C, et al. Temporal bone fractures: sequelae and their impact on quality of life. Am J Otolaryngol. 2015;36:364-370.

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69.  Sivori LA 2nd, de Leeuw R, Morgan I, et al. Complications of frontal sinus fractures with emphasis on chronic craniofacial pain and its treatment: a review of 43 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:2041-2046.

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