生物制剂
炎症性肠病可见的病理学炎症反应成分包括适应性和固有免疫系统,以及肠道上皮和内皮。随着对每个环节的认知逐渐深入,已经研制出了多种生物制剂,作为难治性克罗恩病或溃疡性结肠炎患者当前采用疗法的替代治疗。[132]Danese S. New therapies for inflammatory bowel disease: from the bench to the bedside. Gut. 2012 Jun;61(6):918-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115827?tool=bestpractice.com
生物仿制药
生物仿制药是原始生物制剂的复制品,与原始制剂相似,但不完全相同。二者的质量、安全性和疗效均相似。肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF-α) 抑制剂的多种生物仿制药已经在市场上销售或正处于研发阶段;不过,可用性和使用情况因地区而异。英国许多地区正在使用英夫利西单抗的生物仿制药。英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所药物证据评论于 2017 年 4 月发文,建议在英夫利西单抗治疗中获得稳定临床反应或缓解的患者可换用生物仿制药,并保持相同的用药剂量和用药间隔。 [133]NICE Medicines Evidence Commentary; Biosimilar infliximab: a successful managed switch programme in people with inflammatory bowel disease. April 2017. [internet publication]https://www.nice.org.uk/该结论基于对风湿性关节炎[134]ClinicalTrials.gov. Program evaluating the autoimmune disease investigational drug cT-p13 in RA patients (PLANETRA). NCT01217086. Mar 2013 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01217086 和强直性脊柱炎的用药证据。[135]ClinicalTrials.gov. Program evaluating the autoimmune disease investigational drug cT-p13 in AS patients (PLANETAS). NCT01220518. Mar 2013 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01220518 一项针对从英夫利西单抗换用生物仿制药的炎症性肠病患者的服务评估研究报告称,换药显著节约了成本并增加了对临床服务的投资,同时保持了相似的患者主诉结果、生化反应、药物持久性和不良事件。[136]Razanskaite V, Bettey M, Downey L, et al. Biosimilar infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease: outcomes of a managed switching programme. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Jun 1;11(6):690-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28130330?tool=bestpractice.com
促炎细胞因子抑制剂
抗白介素-12 抗体、抗干扰素-γ 抗体、抗白介素-6 受体单克隆抗体(托珠单抗)和抗白介素-18 抗体正在进行克罗恩病治疗研究。此外,白介素-10 和白介素-11 已被证实在治疗克罗恩病方面具有一定疗效。[1]Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 8;347(6):417-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167685?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Mannon PJ, Fuss IJ, Mayer L, et al. Anti-interleukin-12 antibody for active Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 11;351(20):2069-79. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 24;352(12):1276.]http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa033402#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15537905?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Reinisch W, Hommes DW, Van Assche G, et al. A dose escalating, placebo controlled, double blind, single dose and multidose, safety and tolerability study of fontolizumab, a humanised anti-interferon gamma antibody, in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Gut. 2006 Aug;55(8):1138-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16492717?tool=bestpractice.com[139]van Deventer SJ, Elson CO, Fedorak RN. Multiple doses of intravenous interleukin 10 in steroid-refractory Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology. 1997 Aug;113(2):383-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9247454?tool=bestpractice.com 瑞沙单抗 (risankizumab) 是一种抗白细胞介素-23 抗体,在美国被认证为治疗克罗恩病儿科患者的孤儿药罕用药。沙立度胺和来氟米特正在进行克罗恩病治疗的有效性研究。[140]Wilhelm SM, Taylor JD, Osiecki LL, et al. Novel therapies for Crohn's disease: focus on immunomodulators and antibiotics. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Oct;40(10):1804-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16985094?tool=bestpractice.com 一些临床试验表明,克罗恩病患者的自体结肠蛋白提取物 Alequel 对于克罗恩病患者的治疗可能有益。[1]Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 8;347(6):417-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167685?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Regueiro MD. Update in medical treatment of Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000 Dec;31(4):282-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11129268?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Reinisch W, Hommes DW, Van Assche G, et al. A dose escalating, placebo controlled, double blind, single dose and multidose, safety and tolerability study of fontolizumab, a humanised anti-interferon gamma antibody, in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Gut. 2006 Aug;55(8):1138-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16492717?tool=bestpractice.com 他克莫司是一种免疫调节剂,其作用机制类似于环孢素,但是口服治疗的吸收更佳,已被证明可用于治疗难治性炎症性肠病。有研究表明,它可以有效治疗瘘管性克罗恩病。若干多中心临床试验目前正在进行中。[1]Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 8;347(6):417-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167685?tool=bestpractice.com[141]van Dieren JM, Kuipers EJ, Samsom JN, et al. Revisiting the immunomodulators tacrolimus, methotrexate, and mycophenolate mofetil: their mechanisms of action and role in the treatment of IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Apr;12(4):311-27.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1097/01.MIB.0000209787.19952.53/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16633053?tool=bestpractice.com
白细胞黏附抑制剂
目前正在进行的若干研究表明,反义寡核苷酸、细胞间黏附分子-1、抗整合素抗体和新的单克隆抗体可能有疗效。那他珠单抗是一种针对 α-4 整合素的单克隆抗体,已被证实此药物在治疗克罗恩病方面的结果具有前景。相比于接受安慰剂治疗的患者,36 周时,接受那他珠单抗治疗的患者的持续反应率 (61% vs 28%)和缓解率 (44% vs 26%) 显著更高。那他珠单抗和多灶性白质脑病之间的相关性导致该要在市面上的销售暂停。[1]Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 8;347(6):417-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167685?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Yacyshyn B, Chey WY, Wedel MK, et al. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study of alicaforsen, an antisense inhibitor of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, for the treatment of subjects with active Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Feb;5(2):215-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296530?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Schreiber S, Nikolaus S, Malchow H, et al. Absence of efficacy of subcutaneous antisense ICAM-1 treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2001 May;120(6):1339-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313303?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Askari FK, McDonnell WM. Antisense-oligonucleotide therapy. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 1;334(5):316-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8532029?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, et al; GEMINI 2 Study Group. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 22;369(8):711-21.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1215739#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23964933?tool=bestpractice.com
体外光化学疗法
此技术已在小样本病例系列研究中取得了一定成功。此技术涉及从外周血管中抽取患者血液,并从红细胞中分离出含有白细胞的血沉棕黄层细胞。血沉棕黄层细胞含有单核细胞,包括 T 细胞。随后使用光敏性药物和抗凝剂治疗血沉棕黄层细胞,然后再进行紫外线辐照,最终导致细胞死亡。随后将垂死的细胞重新输入患者体内,以诱发对 T 细胞克隆(被认为参与克罗恩病炎症发病机制)的免疫反应。[145]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Extracorporeal photopheresis for Crohn's disease. Feb 2009 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/IPG288
免疫刺激
人粒细胞集落刺激因子 (G-CSF) 和人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (GM-CSF) 的临床试验已经证实此疗法对于克罗恩病患者具有良好的疗效。[146]Korzenik JR, Dieckgraefe BK. An open-labeled study of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of active Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Feb 15;21(4):391-400.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15709989?tool=bestpractice.com
抗结核疗法
临床和病理学观察结果表明,克罗恩病和非典型分枝杆菌可能具有相关性。一项 Cochrane 评价发现,抗结核治疗可能对有益于防止非活动性疾病患者的克罗恩病复发。然而,结果尚未确定,需要开展进一步的研究来提供更高质量的证据。[147]Patton PH, Parker CE, MacDonald JK, et al. Anti-tuberculous therapy for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(7):CD000299.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000299.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27444319?tool=bestpractice.com
寄生虫
克罗恩病在工业化国家相对更常见,肠道蠕虫感染在这些国家较为罕见。进一步的研究表明,摄入猪鞭虫卵细胞可以引起克罗恩病的改善。[148]Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, et al. Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease. Gut. 2005 Jan;54(1):87-90.http://gut.bmj.com/content/54/1/87.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591509?tool=bestpractice.com