尽管克罗恩病是一种慢性病,复发的频率因人而异,且伴有多种可能的并发症,但是适当的药物和手术治疗可能使患者过上合理质量的生活。
自然病史
克罗恩病患者通常会在缓解期之后出现间歇性急性发作,10-20% 的患者会在症状首次出现之后经历长期缓解。[59]Farmer RG, Whelan G, Fazio VW. Long-term follow-up of patients with Crohn's disease. Relationship between the clinical pattern and prognosis. Gastroenterology. 1985 Jun;88(6):1818-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3922845?tool=bestpractice.com
许多克罗恩病患者需要手术治疗并发症。孤立性回肠结肠疾病患者很有可能接受手术治疗,一些研究显示高达 90% 的患者将在 10 年后接受手术治疗。在这些患者中,50% 的患者不在需要进一步的手术治疗。[149]Bernell O, Lapidus A, Hellers G. Risk factors for surgery and recurrence in 907 patients with primary ileocaecal Crohn's disease. Br J Surg. 2000;87:1697-1701.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11122187?tool=bestpractice.com 多达三分之一的胃十二指肠克罗恩病患者需要进行胃空肠吻合旁路术,以解决梗阻问题。[150]Murray JJ, Schoetz DJ Jr, Nugent FW, et al. Surgical management of Crohn's disease involving the duodenum. Am J Surg. 1984;147:58-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6691553?tool=bestpractice.com
较为严重疾病的相关预示因素包括年龄<40 岁、肛周疾病的存在和初始治疗需要皮质类固醇。[151]Beaugerie L, Seksik P, Nion-Larmurier I, et al. Predictors of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:650-656.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16530505?tool=bestpractice.com
死亡率
克罗恩病与预期寿命缩短具有相关性。克罗恩病患者病程越长、共病得分越高、社会经济地位越低,死亡率越高,在胃肠道手术后 30 天内也会升高。结肠癌是疾病相关死亡的首要病因,其他病因包括非霍奇金淋巴瘤、消化道疾病、肺栓塞和脓毒症。[152]Weterman IT, Biemond I, Peña AS. Mortality and causes of death in Crohn's disease. Review of 50 years' experience in Leiden University Hospital. Gut. 1990;31:1387-1390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1378762/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2265779?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Card R, Hubbard R, Logan RF. Mortality in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1583-1590.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14724808?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Jess T, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, et al. Survival and cause specific mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a long term outcome study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-2004. Gut. 2006;55:1248-1254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16423890?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Bernstein CN, Nugent Z, Targownik LE, et al. Predictors and risks for death in a population-based study of persons with IBD in Manitoba. Gut. 2015;64:1403-1411.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25227522?tool=bestpractice.com