生物仿制药
一些生物疗法的专利已经或马上过期。生物仿制药是一种在化学和生物方面与现有生物药物(例如英夫利西单抗)高度相似的药物。生物仿制药可在有效性和安全性无显著差异的情况下节约成本。[78]Razanskaite V, Bettey M, Downey L, et al. Biosimilar infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease: outcomes of a managed switching programme. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Jun 1;11(6):690-6.https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/article/11/6/690/2909429http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28130330?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Radin M, Sciascia S, Roccatello D, et al. Infliximab biosimilars in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review. BioDrugs. 2017 Feb;31(1):37-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28035633?tool=bestpractice.com
白细胞分离术
选择性白细胞分离术治疗炎性肠病 (IBD),尤其是溃疡性结肠炎,已经在日本和一些欧洲国家使用了几年。对 IBD 患者行 Adacolumn(选择性治疗性粒细胞和单核细胞机采 [granulocyte and monocyte apheresis, GMA] 设备)初步研究已在美国完成,结果良好。不同于传统的药物治疗,选择性白细胞分离术的不良事件发生率很低。许多研究表明,选择性白细胞分离术作为减少皮质类固醇的治疗可能有益处。在一个非盲随机临床试验中,69 名皮质类固醇依赖的活动性溃疡性结肠炎患者被分配至接受 Adacolumn 行选择性白细胞分离术治疗或增加泼尼松龙的剂量。接受 Adacolumn 治疗的患者中有 83% 的患者缓解,而接受泼尼松龙增加剂量治疗的患者中有 65% 缓解。另一项涉及 60 名活动性溃疡性结肠炎患者的非对照研究中,应用 Adacolumn 进行治疗,可使约 70% 的皮质类固醇依赖患者停用泼尼松龙。在一项非盲、随机、对照研究中,使用另一种选择性血浆分离置换设备(Cellsorba)的活动性溃疡性结肠炎患者与使用高剂量泼尼松龙的患者相比,前者治疗效果更明显(74% vs 38%),不良反应发生率更低(24% vs 68%)。[80]Sandborn WJ. Preliminary data on the use of apheresis in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Jan;12(suppl 1):S15-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16378006?tool=bestpractice.com 一项包括 7 项随机对照临床试验的 meta 分析发现,GMA 治疗与传统治疗相比,可诱导更高比例的患者出现临床缓解。并且,GMA 血浆分离治疗的不良反应更少。然而,只有一项研究是双盲研究。[81]Habermalz B, Sauerland S. Clinical effectiveness of selective granulocyte, monocyte adsorptive apheresis with the Adacolumn device in ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2010 May;55(5):1421-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19517236?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项包括 9 项随机、对照临床试验的 meta 分析比较了选择性白细胞分离术和传统的药物治疗针对活动性中重度溃疡性结肠炎的疗效,其结果表明选择性白细胞分离术可明显提高反应率和缓解率,并且有利于减少类固醇的用量,在无症状患者中取得临床缓解,且轻-中度不良反应的发生率下降。[82]Zhu M, Xu X, Nie F, et al. The efficacy and safety of selective leukocytapheresis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011 Aug;26(8):999-1007.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21476027?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇文献综述提出这项技术可能用于特定患者亚组的治疗。[83]Vecchi M, Vernia P, Riegler G, et al. Therapeutic landscape for ulcerative colitis: where is the Adacolumn(®) system and where should it be? Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2013 Jan;6:1-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3541711/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23323022?tool=bestpractice.com
依卓利珠单抗
依卓利珠单抗 (Etrolizumab) 是一种针对 α4β7 整合素和 αEβ7 整合素的人源化单克隆抗体。一项系统评价发现,对于某些传统治疗失败的中至重度溃疡性结肠炎患者,依卓利珠单抗可能是有效的诱导治疗药物。[84]Rosenfeld G, Parker CE, MacDonald JK, et al. Etrolizumab for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 2;(12):CD011661.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011661.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630451?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of etrolizumab for induction of remission in people with ulcerative colitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1250/full显示答案 依卓利珠单抗的 III 期临床试验正在进行中。
鞭毛虫
IBD 常见于工业化国家,但在发展中国家少见。一个可能的解释是在发展中国家,蠕虫定植率相对较高。蠕虫的感染可以通过降低免疫应答而降低 IBD 的风险。一项旨在评估此种联系的潜在治疗功能的研究涉及 54 名活动性 UC 患者。研究者将患者随机分为摄取鞭毛虫卵白蛋白组或安慰剂组,研究持续 12 周。[85]Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF Jr, et al. Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2005 Apr;128(4):825-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15825065?tool=bestpractice.com 结果显示,疾病活动明显改善在接受积极治疗的患者中更常见(43% vs 17%),且无副作用。
抗生素
现已证明,活动性 UC 患者使用针对变形梭杆菌为期两周的三联抗生素治疗在改善病情、缓解症状和帮助皮质类固醇停药方面比安慰剂的效果更佳。[86]Ohkusa T, Kato K, Terao S, et al. Newly developed antibiotic combination therapy for ulcerative colitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Aug;105(8):1820-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20216533?tool=bestpractice.com
布地奈德和泼尼松龙灌肠剂
布地奈德和泼尼松龙可用作灌肠剂,且系统性副作用要少于口服皮质类固醇。一项纳入了一个 RCT 的 Meta 分析发现,布地奈德直肠泡沫剂在轻至中度远端 UC 的患者中耐受性良好且在诱导缓解方面明显比安慰剂更有效。[87]Sandborn WJ, Bosworth B, Zakko S, et al. Budesonide foam induces remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Gastroenterology. 2015 Apr;148(4):740-50.e2.https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(15)00154-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25644096?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Zeng J, Lv L, Mei ZC. Budesonide foam for mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;32(3):558-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27699863?tool=bestpractice.com
益生菌
有证据表明,在维持缓解方面,益生菌和美沙拉嗪一样,优于安慰剂。[89]Do VT, Baird BG, Kockler DR, et al. Probiotics for maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis in adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Mar;44(3):565-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20124461?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Ma JC, Zhang XL. Efficacy of probiotic agents in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis: a meta analysis. World Chin J Digestol. 2008;16(36):4123-7.[91]Mallon P, McKay D, Kirk S, et al. Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD005573.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943867?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Sang LX, Chang B, Zhang WL, et al. Remission induction and maintenance effect of probiotics on ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr 21;16(15):1908-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397271?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,一项纳入随机对照临床试验的 meta 分析表明,益生菌(特别是一种益生菌混合物 VSL#3)在诱导缓解方面优于安慰剂。[93]Ding J, Xiong G, Yang C, et al. Probiotic preparation VSL#3 for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review. Chin J Gastroenterol. 2012;17(9):521-6.http://lib.cqvip.com/qk/83252X/201209/43595384.html 然而,一个针对随机对照试验的系统性综述表明,在维持溃疡性结肠炎缓解方面,益生菌和美沙拉嗪,以及益生菌和安慰剂的疗效差异无统计学差异显著。[94]Naidoo K, Gordon M, Fagbemi AO, et al. Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD007443.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007443.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161412?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of probiotics for the maintenance of remission in people with ulcerative colitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.555/full显示答案 在轻度至中度的溃疡性结肠炎中,常规治疗联用益生菌并未提高患者缓解率。通过临床试验设计和应用不同益生菌种类和不同益生菌含量来评估益生菌治疗溃疡性结肠炎效果的相关研究较少。[89]Do VT, Baird BG, Kockler DR, et al. Probiotics for maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis in adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Mar;44(3):565-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20124461?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Ma JC, Zhang XL. Efficacy of probiotic agents in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis: a meta analysis. World Chin J Digestol. 2008;16(36):4123-7.[91]Mallon P, McKay D, Kirk S, et al. Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD005573.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943867?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Sang LX, Chang B, Zhang WL, et al. Remission induction and maintenance effect of probiotics on ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr 21;16(15):1908-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20397271?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Naidoo K, Gordon M, Fagbemi AO, et al. Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD007443.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007443.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161412?tool=bestpractice.com 益生菌不应常规推荐用于诱导或维持溃疡性结肠炎的缓解。
其他第二代皮质类固醇
第二代皮质类固醇,例如口服丙酸倍氯米松,正开始成为轻至中度 UC 可能的治疗选择。[95]Nunes T, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Nos P, et al; RECLICU Study Group of GETECCU. Usefulness of oral beclometasone dipropionate in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis in clinical practice: the RECLICU study. J Crohns Colitis. 2010 Dec;4(6):629-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21122572?tool=bestpractice.com 布地奈德已经应用于临床实践中。一项比较口服缓释二丙酸倍氯米松和泼尼松对活动性轻度至中度 UC 患者疗效的研究发现,口服二丙酸倍氯米松在降低疾病活动度方面的效果并不劣于泼尼松,并且二者的安全性也相似。[96]Van Assche G, Manguso F, Zibellini M, et al. Oral prolonged release beclomethasone dipropionate and prednisone in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: results from a double-blind, randomized, parallel group study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 May;110(5):708-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25869389?tool=bestpractice.com 一项纳入了 7 项 RCT 的 Meta 分析并未显示倍氯米松和美沙拉秦在诱导和维持缓解方面有显著差异,且安全性相当。[97]Zhao X, Li N, Ren Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate versus 5-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Aug 8;11(8):e0160500.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0160500http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27501314?tool=bestpractice.com 第二代皮质类固醇与 5-对氨基水杨酸联合用药的作用尚未明确。
粪便微生物群移植
A Cochrane review concluded that, while faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may increase the likelihood of clinical remission in UC, the quality of evidence is too low to recommend it at this time.[98]Imdad A, Nicholson MR, Tanner-Smith EE, et al. Fecal transplantation for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 13;(11):CD012774.https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012774.pub2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30480772?tool=bestpractice.com Further research is required to determine the potential therapeutic benefit of FMT in patients with UC.