溃疡性结肠炎可通过严重度和范围进行分类。[4]Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, et al. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut. 2006 Jun;55(6):749-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698746?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗取决于以上两种因素。远端疾病(直肠炎和左侧疾病、脾曲以下)通常可进行局部治疗。弥漫性疾病(全结肠炎,超过脾曲)需要全身治疗。急性发作(重度或暴发性疾病)和维持缓解(轻至中度疾病)的治疗不同。暴发性疾病应作为急症处理,避免出现危及生命的并发症,例如中毒性巨结肠和穿孔。[27]Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, et al. ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Mar;114(3):384-413.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30840605?tool=bestpractice.com
轻-中度远端结肠炎,急性发作
轻-中度远端疾病的治疗为局部使用美沙拉嗪或局部使用皮质类固醇和口服美沙拉嗪(5-氨基水杨酸 [5-ASA])。应考虑将直肠用 5-ASA 作为轻-中度远端活动性溃疡性结肠炎的一线治疗。[28]Marshall JK, Thabane M, Steinhart AH, et al. Rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD004115.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091560?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, et al. ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Mar;114(3):384-413.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30840605?tool=bestpractice.com Topical therapy with oral mesalazine therapy is more effective than either alone. Choice of topical, oral, or a combination of topical and oral therapy is guided by patient choice as well as effectiveness. A meta-analysis of 12 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the relative efficacies of oral and topical 5-ASA therapy, and a combination of the two, for adults with mild-to-moderately active UC concluded that combined 5-ASA therapy appeared superior to oral 5-ASAs for induction of remission.[29]Ford AC, Khan KJ, Achkar JP, et al. Efficacy of oral vs. topical, or combined oral and topical 5-aminosalicylates, in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Feb;107(2):167-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22108446?tool=bestpractice.com 单次局部应用美沙拉嗪已被证明与每日多次应用治疗远端疾病是同样有效的。[30]Andus T, Kocjan A, Müser M, et al; International Salofalk Suppository OD Study Group. Clinical trial: a novel high-dose 1 g mesalamine suppository (Salofalk) once daily is as efficacious as a 500-mg suppository thrice daily in active ulcerative proctitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Nov;16(11):1947-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20310020?tool=bestpractice.com 现已证明每日一次口服给药与常规给药同样有效且安全。[31]Feagan BG, MacDonald JK. Once daily oral mesalamine compared to conventional dosing for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Sep;18(9):1785-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22644954?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Wang Y, Parker CE, Bhanji T, et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 21;(4):CD000543.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000543.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101467?tool=bestpractice.com 当按常规经直肠给予皮质类固醇,约一半的剂量可被吸收;如果长期应用皮质类固醇,亦可引起副作用。[33]Korzenik JR, Podolsky DK. Evolving knowledge and therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Mar;5(3):197-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16518373?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Hanauer SB. New lessons: classic treatments, expanding options in ulcerative colitis. Colorectal Dis. 2006 May;8 Suppl 1:20-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16594960?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Lichtenstein GR, Abreu MT, Cohen R, et al; American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2006 Mar;130(3):940-87.https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(06)00074-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16530532?tool=bestpractice.com 对上述药物反应不佳的难治性患者需要口服皮质类固醇。如果口服泼尼松龙 2-4 周后效果不佳,考虑在轻-中度溃疡性结肠炎治疗中加用口服他克莫司以诱导缓解。[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ulcerative colitis: management. Jun 2013 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg166/
第二代皮质类固醇,例如布地奈德多基质系统,正开始成为轻至中度 UC 患者的主要治疗选择。[37]Sandborn WJ, Travis S, Moro L, et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX® extended-release tablets induce remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the CORE I study. Gastroenterology. 2012 Nov;143(5):1218-26.e2.https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(12)01186-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22892337?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Sherlock ME, MacDonald JK, Griffiths AM, et al. Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 26;(10):CD007698.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007698.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497719?tool=bestpractice.com这些药所致皮质类固醇相关不良事件明显少于传统的皮质类固醇。[39]Bonovas S, Nikolopoulos GK, Lytras T, et al. Comparative safety of systemic and low-bioavailability steroids in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Feb;84(2):239-51.https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bcp.13456http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29057539?tool=bestpractice.com多基质技术可通过减少药片负担来辅助医从性。[40]Bezzio C, Fascì-Spurio F, Viganò C, et al. The problem of adherence to therapy in ulcerative colitis and the potential utility of multi-matrix system (MMX) technology. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Jan;11(1):33-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27805459?tool=bestpractice.com
轻-中度远端结肠炎,维持缓解
大多数轻-中度患者需要维持治疗。患者和临床医生经常需要讨论和决定是否需要维持治疗。在直肠炎局部使用美沙拉嗪栓剂或在左侧疾病使用灌肠剂可维持缓解。局部治疗与口服美沙拉嗪联合比单独口服疗法更有效。局部使用美沙拉嗪对预防静止期溃疡性结肠炎(包括左侧疾病和直肠炎)复发有效。[41]Ford AC, Khan KJ, Sandborn WJ, et al. Efficacy of topical 5-aminosalicylates in preventing relapse of quiescent ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 May;10(5):513-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22083024?tool=bestpractice.com 在预防静止期 UC 复发方面,间歇局部用 5-ASA 似乎优于口服 5-ASA。[29]Ford AC, Khan KJ, Achkar JP, et al. Efficacy of oral vs. topical, or combined oral and topical 5-aminosalicylates, in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Feb;107(2):167-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22108446?tool=bestpractice.com 局部使用皮质类固醇不能有效维持缓解。口服倍氯米松也可考虑用于维持缓解,这取决于患者的选择。[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ulcerative colitis: management. Jun 2013 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg166/
轻-中度广泛性疾病,急性发作
口服 5-氨基水杨酸 (5-ASA) 是一线治疗方案。在接受每日较高剂量的患者中,有 80% 的患者在 4 周内可达到完全缓解。柳氮磺吡啶及美沙拉嗪是一线治疗药物。使用柳氮磺吡啶的临床经验多于美沙拉嗪、巴柳氮、奥沙拉秦。日剂量 4.8 g、疗程 6 周的缓释型美沙拉嗪比日剂量 2.4 g 诱导缓解效果更佳,并且具有相似的副作用。[42]Sandborn WJ, Regula J, Feagan BG, et al. Delayed-release oral mesalamine 4.8 g/day (800-mg tablet) is effective for patients with moderately active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2009 Dec;137(6):1934-43.e1-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19766640?tool=bestpractice.com 如果口服 5-ASA 无效,则口服皮质类固醇是二线治疗方案。通常在 1-2 周内起效,之后应缓慢减量。如果口服泼尼松龙 2-4 周后效果不佳,考虑在轻-中度溃疡性结肠炎治疗中加用口服他克莫司以诱导缓解。[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ulcerative colitis: management. Jun 2013 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg166/
第二代皮质类固醇,例如布地奈德多基质系统,正开始成为轻至中度 UC 患者的主要治疗选择。[37]Sandborn WJ, Travis S, Moro L, et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX® extended-release tablets induce remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the CORE I study. Gastroenterology. 2012 Nov;143(5):1218-26.e2.https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(12)01186-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22892337?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Sherlock ME, MacDonald JK, Griffiths AM, et al. Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 26;(10):CD007698.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007698.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497719?tool=bestpractice.com这些药所致皮质类固醇相关不良事件明显少于传统的皮质类固醇。[39]Bonovas S, Nikolopoulos GK, Lytras T, et al. Comparative safety of systemic and low-bioavailability steroids in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Feb;84(2):239-51.https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bcp.13456http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29057539?tool=bestpractice.com多基质技术可通过减少药片负担来辅助医从性。[40]Bezzio C, Fascì-Spurio F, Viganò C, et al. The problem of adherence to therapy in ulcerative colitis and the potential utility of multi-matrix system (MMX) technology. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Jan;11(1):33-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27805459?tool=bestpractice.com
轻-中度广泛性疾病,维持缓解
为控制疾病,需要口服 5-ASA 治疗。研究发现,在作为溃疡性结肠炎的维持治疗时,5-ASA 优于安慰剂。[43]Wang Y, Parker CE, Feagan BG, et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 9;(5):CD000544.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000544.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27158764?tool=bestpractice.com 最佳剂量是 2-3 g/d,并且不用分次给药。[44]Prantera C, Kohn A, Campieri M, et al. Clinical trial: ulcerative colitis maintenance treatment with 5-ASA: a 1-year, randomized multicentre study comparing MMX with Asacol. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Nov 1;30(9):908-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19678813?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Dignass AU, Bokemeyer B, Adamek H, et al. Mesalamine once daily is more effective than twice daily in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Jul;7(7):762-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19375519?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Kruis W, Kiudelis G, Rácz I, et al; International Salofalk OD Study Group. Once daily versus three times daily mesalazine granules in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Gut. 2009 Feb;58(2):233-40.https://gut.bmj.com/content/58/2/233.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832520?tool=bestpractice.com[47]D'Haens G, Sandborn WJ, Barrett K, et al. Once-daily MMX(®) mesalamine for endoscopic maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jul;107(7):1064-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22565161?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Hawthorne AB, Stenson R, Gillespie D, et al. One-year investigator-blind randomized multicenter trial comparing Asacol 2.4 g once daily with 800 mg three times daily for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Oct;18(10):1885-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22081522?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do different oral 5-aminosalicylic acid regimens compare for maintenance of remission in people with ulcerative colitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1585/full显示答案 对于反复发作需要应用皮质类固醇治疗的难治性疾病患者,应给予能减少皮质类固醇使用的药物。口服倍氯米松也可被考虑用于维持缓解,这取决于患者的选择。[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ulcerative colitis: management. Jun 2013 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg166/
重症结肠炎
重度疾病定义为血便≥6 次/日,脉率≥90 次/分,体温≥37.5℃(99.5°F),血红蛋白水平<105 g/L(10.5 g/dL),及血沉≥30 mm/h。对于这类患者,应给予局部治疗、最大剂量口服 5-ASA,以及全身性皮质类固醇治疗。最大剂量的口服和局部治疗后如果症状持续,患者应该住院接受静脉皮质类固醇治疗。经过 3 天静脉皮质类固醇治疗,如果当天大便> 8 次,或大便频率在 3-8 次合并 C-反应蛋白升高>428 nmol/L(45 mg/L),则上述患者中预计 85% 需要结肠切除术。如果患者治疗 3 天后症状无改善,应考虑用环孢素和英夫利西单抗,或转诊进行手术治疗。[49]Shibolet O, Regushevskaya E, Brezis M, et al. Cyclosporine A for induction of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jan 25;(1):CD004277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674937?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1996 Jun;38(6):905-10.https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/38/6/905.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8984031?tool=bestpractice.com 现已证明在治疗中度至重度活动性 UC 时应用英夫利西单抗,在诱导缓解方面优于安慰剂。[51]Ford AC, Sandborn WJ, Khan KJ, et al. Efficacy of biological therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr;106(4):644-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407183?tool=bestpractice.com 重度疾病经药物治疗稳定后,许多患者需要巯基嘌呤治疗。
暴发性远端和弥漫性结肠炎的紧急治疗
暴发性结肠炎的患者每日排便>10次,伴持续或大量难以控制的出血,或严重中毒表现,包括出现中毒性巨结肠(严重腹痛、压痛、腹胀和结肠扩张[膨胀])及脓毒症表现。[4]Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, et al. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut. 2006 Jun;55(6):749-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698746?tool=bestpractice.com 这类患者应住院,并开始静脉皮质类固醇治疗。根据临床情况,可能需要静脉输液,但无需进行“肠道休息”。大多数指南还建议应用广谱抗生素,虽然临床试验未显示其对生存有获益。高达 15% 的溃疡性结肠炎患者合并暴发性或严重的结肠炎。在这些人群中,多达 20% 的患者进展至中毒性巨结肠,存在穿孔和死亡的风险。如果经过 24-48 小时的积极药物治疗,患者无反应或病情恶化,则有结肠切除术指征。进一步等待几乎无法避免结肠切除术,并有穿孔的显著风险(并且在这种情况下,导致 50% 的死亡率)。72 小时内经静脉皮质类固醇治疗后相对稳定,仅部分缓解或疗效不满意的患者,应考虑应用环孢素和英夫利西单抗诱导缓解。
大多数临床医生尽量避免或延迟结肠切除。然而,应当强调的是,在治疗重度或难治性结肠炎,尤其是暴发性结肠炎时,决定推迟手术、应用英夫利西单抗或环孢素进行抢救治疗应该是个体化的。目前有证据显示应用环孢素、英夫利西单抗进行挽救治疗(即避免或推迟结肠切除术)的疗效。在一项欧洲多中心临床试验中,评估了接受英夫利西单抗或环孢素挽救治疗的皮质类固醇难治性溃疡性结肠炎患者,中位随访时间为 5.4 年。在接受环孢素治疗的患者中,1 年和 5 年的无结肠切除术生存率分别为 70.9% 和 61.5%,在接受英夫利西单抗治疗的患者中,分别为 69.1% 和 65.1%。长期无结肠切除术生存率与初始治疗无关。这些长期结果进一步证实,这两种药物具有相似的疗效和良好的安全性,无优劣之分。[52]Laharie D, Bourreille A, Branche J, et al; Groupe d'Etudes Thérapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Long-term outcome of patients with steroid-refractory acute severe UC treated with ciclosporin or infliximab. Gut. 2018 Feb;67(2):237-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28053054?tool=bestpractice.com 观察性研究提示,强化的英夫利西单抗给药方案(在治疗的前 3 周内额外给药 1-2 次)对至少 50% 患有急性严重的 UC 患者有益,并可减少高达 80% 的短期结肠切除率。[53]Hindryckx P, Novak G, Vande Casteele N, et al. Review article: dose optimisation of infliximab for acute severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Mar;45(5):617-30.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.13913http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28074618?tool=bestpractice.com但是,仍需确定能够达到最大有效性和安全性的最佳给药时间以及患者特征。
难治性疾病
硫嘌呤类药物
硫嘌呤类药物(硫唑嘌呤和巯嘌呤)被推荐用于皮质类固醇依赖患者,是预防复发的有效药物。[27]Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, et al. ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Mar;114(3):384-413.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30840605?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Timmer A, Patton PH, Chande N, et al. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 18;(5):CD000478.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000478.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27192092?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Gilissen LP, Wong DR, Engels LG, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurine metabolites in adult thiopurine tolerant IBD patients on maintenance therapy. J Crohns Colitis. 2012 Jul;6(6):698-707.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398098?tool=bestpractice.com 硫嘌呤代谢物监测的应用正变得越来越广泛,且可用于优化药物剂量,从而提高疗效。[55]Gilissen LP, Wong DR, Engels LG, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurine metabolites in adult thiopurine tolerant IBD patients on maintenance therapy. J Crohns Colitis. 2012 Jul;6(6):698-707.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398098?tool=bestpractice.com
肿瘤坏死因子 (tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α 抑制剂
英夫利西单抗已明确可用于治疗克罗恩病,且研究证明其治疗难治性炎症性结肠炎有效。缓解、黏膜愈合和需用结肠切除手术:高质量的研究证明英夫利昔单抗可有效诱导临床缓解,并促进黏膜愈合,对那些常规治疗难治性的中重度炎症性结肠炎患者,可在短期减少结肠切除术需求。而且现已证明,作为挽救治疗,可有效诱导缓解。在治疗中重度溃疡性结肠炎方面,比安慰剂更为有效。[56]D'Haens G, Daperno M. Advances in biologic therapy for ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006 Dec;8(6):506-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17105690?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Lichtenstein GR, Abreu MT, Cohen R, et al; American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association Institute medical position statement on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2006 Mar;130(3):935-9.https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(06)00073-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16530531?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Lawson MM, Thomas AG, Akobeng AK. Tumour necrosis factor alpha blocking agents for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD005112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856078?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Aberra FN, Lichtenstein GR. Infliximab in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2006 Dec;35(4):821-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17129815?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Gisbert JP, Gonzalez-Lama Y, Mate J. Systematic review: infliximab therapy in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jan 1;25(1):19-37.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03131.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229218?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Wilhelm SM, McKenney KA, Rivait KN, et al. A review of infliximab use in ulcerative colitis. Clin Ther. 2008 Feb;30(2):223-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18343261?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 它作为溃疡性结肠炎的长期维持治疗是有效的,应考虑将其作为诱导和维持疾病缓解的替代治疗药物。[62]Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Long-term infliximab maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: the ACT-1 and -2 extension studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Feb;18(2):201-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21484965?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Huang X, Lv B, Jin HF, et al. A meta-analysis of the therapeutic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers on ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;67(8):759-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21691804?tool=bestpractice.com
美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 已批准在美国使用阿达木单抗和戈利木单抗用于治疗对免疫抑制剂(例如皮质类固醇、硫唑嘌呤或巯嘌呤)反应不足的中至重度活动性溃疡性结肠炎成人患者,以诱导和维持的临床缓解。一项系统评价发现,对于中至重度活动性溃疡性结肠炎成人患者,在传统治疗失败后,与应用安慰剂相比,应用英夫利昔单抗、阿达木单抗或戈利木单抗治疗更可能获得临床反应和缓解。[64]Archer R, Tappenden P, Ren S, et al. Infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab for treating moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis after the failure of conventional therapy (including a review of TA140 and TA262): clinical effectiveness systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess. 2016 May;20(39):1-326.https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta20390#/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27220829?tool=bestpractice.com 一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照临床试验评估了阿达木单抗在诱导和维持 494 名接受口服皮质类固醇或免疫抑制剂同步治疗的中至重度溃疡性结肠炎患者临床缓解方面的疗效,结果表明,阿达木单抗在诱导和维持临床缓解方面比安慰剂更有效,并且二者有着相同的严重不良事件发生率。[65]Sandborn WJ, van Assche G, Reinisch W, et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2012 Feb;142(2):257-65.e1-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22062358?tool=bestpractice.com 研究表明,戈利木单抗可诱导中至重度活动性溃疡性结肠炎患者的临床缓解和黏膜愈合,并且与其他 TNF-α 抑制剂有着相似的安全性。[66]Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014 Jan;146(1):85-95.https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00846-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23735746?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014 Jan;146(1):96-109.e1.https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00886-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23770005?tool=bestpractice.com
维多珠单抗
Vedolizumab, a monoclonal antibody against alpha 4 beta 7 integrin, has been shown to be more effective than placebo as induction and maintenance therapy for UC and has been through phase 3 trials.[68]Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE, et al; GEMINI 1 Study Group. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 22;369(8):699-710.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1215734http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23964932?tool=bestpractice.com Furthermore, one Cochrane review carried out a meta-analysis of four RCTs of vedolizumab, and found it to be more effective than placebo for inducing clinical remission, clinical response, and endoscopic remission in patients with moderate-to-severe active UC, and for preventing relapse in patients with quiescent UC.[69]Bickston SJ, Behm BW, Tsoulis DJ, et al. Vedolizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 8;(8):CD007571.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007571.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25105240?tool=bestpractice.com 研究已表明,维多珠单抗有良好的安全性。[70]Colombel JF, Sands BE, Rutgeerts P, et al. The safety of vedolizumab for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):839-51.https://gut.bmj.com/content/66/5/839.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26893500?tool=bestpractice.com 一项关于对照试验数据的 meta 分析发现,维多珠单抗 (vedolizumab) 在诱导和维持 UC 黏膜修复方面的有效性与 TNF-α 抑制剂相似,[71]Cholapranee A, Hazlewood GS, Kaplan GG, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: comparative efficacy of biologics for induction and maintenance of mucosal healing in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 May;45(10):1291-302.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apt.14030http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28326566?tool=bestpractice.com并且另一项分析发现,维多珠单抗引起的临床反应可能更加持续。[72]Vickers AD, Ainsworth C, Mody R, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: comparative efficacy of biologics in the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 24;11(10):e0165435.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165435http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27776175?tool=bestpractice.com
托法替尼
Tofacitinib is a small molecule Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. Oral tofacitinib is approved for the treatment of moderately to severely active UC in patients who have failed to respond adequately to, or are intolerant of, conventional therapy or a biological agent.
Phase 3 RCTs have demonstrated that oral tofacitinib is superior to placebo for the induction and maintenance of remission of moderately to severely active UC (Mayo score 6-12) in patients previously treated with conventional therapy or a TNF-alpha inhibitor.[73]Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE, et al; OCTAVE Induction 1, OCTAVE Induction 2, and OCTAVE Sustain Investigators. Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2017 May 4;376(18):1723-36.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1606910http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28467869?tool=bestpractice.com Tofacitinib has an acceptable tolerability and safety profile.[74]Paschos P, Katsoula A, Giouleme O, et al. Tofacitinib for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Gastroenterol. 2018 May 10;31(5):572-82.https://www.doi.org/10.20524/aog.2018.0276http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30174394?tool=bestpractice.com
环孢素
环孢素可以用于诱导或维持缓解,但需要密切监测。环孢素因其毒性(药物相关的死亡率约 3%)和长期应用的治疗失败率,故对其应用存在争议。[36]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ulcerative colitis: management. Jun 2013 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg166/[65]Sandborn WJ, van Assche G, Reinisch W, et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2012 Feb;142(2):257-65.e1-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22062358?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014 Jan;146(1):85-95.https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00846-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23735746?tool=bestpractice.com 给予药物前应检查血清胆固醇水平;低胆固醇水平可能诱发患者抽搐发作。
结肠切除术