哮喘是一种复杂的多个潜在基因与环境暴露相互作用的疾病。[5]Ober C, Hoffjan S. Asthma genetics 2006: the long and winding road to gene discovery. Genes Immun. 2006;7:95-100.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16395390?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Holgate ST, Yang Y, Haitchi HM, et al. The genetics of asthma: ADAM33 as an example of a susceptibility gene. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3:440-443.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16799089?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Gao J, Shan G, Sun B, et al. Association between polymorphism of tumour necrosis factor alpha-308 gene promoter and asthma: a meta-analysis. Thorax. 2006;61:466-471.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/61/6/466.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16517578?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Ober C. HLA-G: an asthma gene on chromosome 6p. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2005;25:669-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257632?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Holgate ST, Davies DE, Powell RM, et al. ADAM33: a newly identified gene in the pathogenesis of asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2005;25:655-668.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257631?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Zimmermann N, King NE, Laporte J, et al. Dissection of experimental asthma with DNA microarray analysis identifies arginase in asthma pathogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:1863-1874.http://www.jci.org/articles/view/17912http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12813022?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Vercelli D. Genetic polymorphism in allergy and asthma. Curr Opin Immunol. 2003;15:609-613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630192?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Shin HD, Kim LH, Park BL, et al. Association of Eotaxin gene family with asthma and serum total IgE. Hum Mol Genet. 2003;12:1279-1285.http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/11/1279.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12761043?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Sayers I, Barton S, Rorke S, et al. Promoter polymorphism in the 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (ALOX5AP) genes and asthma susceptibility in a Caucasian population. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:1103-1110.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12911785?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Howard TD, Postma DS, Jongepier H, et al. Association of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) gene with asthma in ethnically diverse populations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:717-722.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14564349?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Tsai HJ, Shaikh N, Kho JY, et al. Beta 2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms: pharmacogenetic response to bronchodilator among African American asthmatics. Hum Genet. 2006;119:547-557.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596417?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Singh AM, Busse WW. Asthma exacerbations. 2: Aetiology. Thorax. 2006;61:809-816.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/61/9/809.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936237?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Wark PA, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations. 3: Pathogenesis. Thorax. 2006;61:909-915.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/61/10/909.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008482?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Velissariou IM, Papadopoulos NG. The role of respiratory viruses in the pathogenesis of pediatric asthma. Pediatr Ann. 2006;35:637-642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16999297?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Phipatanakul W. Environmental factors and childhood asthma. Pediatr Ann. 2006;35:646-656.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16999298?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Oliver BG, Johnston SL, Baraket M, et al. Increased proinflammatory responses from asthmatic human airway smooth muscle cells in response to rhinovirus infection. Respir Res. 2006;7:71.http://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1465-9921-7-71http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16670028?tool=bestpractice.com
与疾病相关的基因包括,但不只限于 ADAM33、[6]Holgate ST, Yang Y, Haitchi HM, et al. The genetics of asthma: ADAM33 as an example of a susceptibility gene. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3:440-443.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16799089?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Blakey J, Halapi E, Bjornsdottir US, et al. Contribution of ADAM33 polymorphisms to the population risk of asthma. Thorax. 2005;60:274-276.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/60/4/274.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790980?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Holgate ST, Davies DE, Rorke S, et al. ADAM 33 and its association with airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2004;27:23-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15347848?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Raby BA, Silverman EK, Kwiatkowski DJ, et al. ADAM33 polymorphisms and phenotype associations in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:1071-1078.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15208587?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Halapi E, Hakonarson H. Recent development in genomic and proteomic research for asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2004;10:22-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749602?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Holgate ST, Davies DE, Murphy G, et al. ADAM 33: just another asthma gene or a breakthrough in understanding the origins of bronchial hyperresponsiveness? Thorax. 2003;58:466-469.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/58/6/466.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775854?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Shapiro SD, Owen CA. ADAM-33 surfaces as an asthma gene. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:936-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12239266?tool=bestpractice.com 二肽基肽酶 10、[27]Meurer JR, Lustig JV, Jacob HJ. Genetic aspects of the etiology and treatment of asthma. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006;53:715-725.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873001?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Lilly CM. Diversity of asthma: evolving concepts of pathophysiology and lessons from genetics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(4 Suppl):S526-S531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15806035?tool=bestpractice.com PHD 指蛋白 11、[27]Meurer JR, Lustig JV, Jacob HJ. Genetic aspects of the etiology and treatment of asthma. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006;53:715-725.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873001?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Lilly CM. Diversity of asthma: evolving concepts of pathophysiology and lessons from genetics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(4 Suppl):S526-S531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15806035?tool=bestpractice.com 前列腺素 DP1 受体、[27]Meurer JR, Lustig JV, Jacob HJ. Genetic aspects of the etiology and treatment of asthma. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006;53:715-725.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873001?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Lilly CM. Diversity of asthma: evolving concepts of pathophysiology and lessons from genetics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(4 Suppl):S526-S531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15806035?tool=bestpractice.com 染色体 12q,[29]Raby BA, Silverman EK, Lazarus R, et al. Chromosome 12q harbors multiple genetic loci related to asthma and asthma-related phenotypes. Hum Mol Genet. 2003;12:1973-1979.http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/16/1973.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12913068?tool=bestpractice.com 以及肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF) 多态性。[30]Aoki T, Hirota T, Tamari M, et al. An association between asthma and TNF-308G/A polymorphism: meta-analysis. J Hum Genet. 2006;51:677-685.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16865291?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Di Somma C, Charron D, Deichmann K, et al. Atopic asthma and TNF-308 alleles: linkage disequilibrium and association analyses. Hum Immunol. 2003;64:359-365.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12590981?tool=bestpractice.com
患者的基因组成可能会使其对环境中的病因触发因素产生气道高反应性。对于易感人群,那些触发因素包括病毒感染(例如鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、人偏肺病毒、流感病毒)、细菌感染(肺炎支原体或肺炎衣原体)、过敏原暴露(例如树上、草地上或野草上的花粉、真菌、室内过敏原)、职业暴露(例如动物或化学物质)、食品添加剂和化学品(例如焦亚硫酸盐)、刺激性物质或阿司匹林。[16]Singh AM, Busse WW. Asthma exacerbations. 2: Aetiology. Thorax. 2006;61:809-816.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/61/9/809.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936237?tool=bestpractice.com
强烈的情绪和反应,例如大笑,也能引起哮喘发作,[32]See KC, Phua J, Lim TK. Trigger factors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-centre cross-sectional study. Singapore Med J. 2015 Nov 25 [Epub ahead of print].https://www.sma.org.sg/UploadedImg/files/SMJ/epub/OA-2014-345-epub.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26768322?tool=bestpractice.com 但往往不能确定明确的病因。