在发达国家,年龄在 19 至 45 岁之间的人群中,双相情感障碍是致残的第六大主要原因。在美国,此疾病的终生总费用估计为 2020 亿美元。[3]Begley CE, Annegers JF, Swann AC, et al. The lifetime cost of bipolar disorder in the US: an estimate for new cases in 1998. Pharmacoeconomics. 2001;19(5 Pt 1):483-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11465308?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006 May 27;367(9524):1747-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16731270?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Cloutier M, Greene M, Guerin A, et al. The economic burden of bipolar I disorder in the United States in 2015. J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 15;226:45-51.https://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(17)31510-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28961441?tool=bestpractice.com 此费用估计仅针对双相情感障碍 I 型。
在美国,双相情感障碍 I 型的终生患病率估计在 0.5% 至 1.0% 之间,对男性和女性的影响相同;[6]Kessler RC, Rubinow DR, Holmes C, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-III-R bipolar I disorder in a general population survey. Psychol Med. 1997 Sep;27(5):1079-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9300513?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 May;64(5):543-52. [Erratum in: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;64(9):1039.]http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=482285http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17485606?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;68(3):241-51.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486639/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383262?tool=bestpractice.com 美国双相情感障碍 II 型的终生患病率估计在 0.5%-1.1% 之间,女性比男性更易患该类型。[7]Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 May;64(5):543-52. [Erratum in: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;64(9):1039.]http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=482285http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17485606?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;68(3):241-51.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3486639/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383262?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Leibenluft E. Women with bipolar illness: clinical and research issues. Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Feb;153(2):163-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8561195?tool=bestpractice.com 根据一项系统评价,前往初级医疗卫生机构就诊的所有患者中,有 1% 至 4% 的患者符合双相情感障碍的诊断标准。[10]Cerimele JM, Chwastiak LA, Dodson S, et al. The prevalence of bipolar disorder in general primary care samples: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014 Jan-Feb;36(1):19-25.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877721/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24144521?tool=bestpractice.com 一项美国患者调查显示,69% 的双相情感障碍个体被误诊,最常被误诊为单相抑郁。[11]Hirschfeld RM, Lewis L, Vornik LA. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;64(2):161-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12633125?tool=bestpractice.com 35% 的患者在被准确诊断之前出现症状的时间大于 10 年,女性被误诊的可能性明显高于男性。[11]Hirschfeld RM, Lewis L, Vornik LA. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;64(2):161-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12633125?tool=bestpractice.com
英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所 (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) 估计成人群体中双相情感障碍 I 型的终生患病率为 1%,认为双相情感障碍 II 型影响了大约 0.4% 的成人。[12]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Bipolar disorder: assessment and management. April 2018 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg185
自 1990 年以来,研究引用的平均发病年龄处于 19 至 31 岁之间;被广泛接受的观点认为,50 岁以后的患病风险会下降。[13]Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007. 双相情感障碍患者在其生命中近一半时间是有症状的,在其主观体验中抑郁症状占据主导地位。[14]Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, et al. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;59(6):530-7.http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=206451http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12044195?tool=bestpractice.com 据估计,多达 50% 的双相情感障碍患者在他们的一生中至少有过 1 次自杀尝试,有 10% 至 15% 未接受治疗的双相情感障碍患者成功实施了自杀。[13]Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007. 最高的自杀率出现在双相情感障碍的急性抑郁阶段。[15]Dilsaver SC, Chen YW, Swann AC, et al. Suicidality, panic disorder and psychosis in bipolar depression, depressive-mania and pure-mania. Psychiatry Res. 1997 Nov 14;73(1-2):47-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9463838?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Slama F, Bellivier F, Henry C, et al. Bipolar patients with suicidal behavior: toward the identification of a clinical subgroup. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;65(8):1035-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15323586?tool=bestpractice.com
双相情感障碍 I 型患者中任意物质滥用障碍的终生患病率为 61%,双相情感障碍 II 型患者中患病率为 48%;这些比例高于精神分裂症患者 (47%)、强迫症患者 (33%) 和重性抑郁障碍患者 (27%) 中观察到的结果。[17]Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA. 1990 Nov 21;264(19):2511-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2232018?tool=bestpractice.com