由于双相情感障碍的复发性,并且存在不同情绪极性的发作(抑郁与躁狂或轻躁狂),以及混合状态下更复杂的表现(快速循环、精神病性双相情感障碍和难治性双相情感障碍),双相情感障碍的管理指南是很复杂的。最佳的治疗方法不只是急性发作的解决方案,还要考虑同时设计个体化治疗策略的需求,以预防未来发作或者降低发作频率和改善功能及生活质量。[60]Muzina DJ, Calabrese JR. Guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder. In: Stein DJ, Kupfer DJ, Schatzberg AF, eds. The textbook of mood disorders. 1st ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006:439-62. 管理的基本要素包括诊断、医疗服务的获得、患者和其他人的安全,以及护理工作的强化(治疗配合、患者和家属教育、治疗依从性、功能障碍的管理)。[61]Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;30(6):495-553.http://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAP_Guidelines-Bipolar.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26979387?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Bschor T, Pfennig A, Sasse G. S3-guidelines on diagnostics and therapy of bipolar disorders. Pharmacotherapy. Psychopharmakotherapie. 2012;19:265-70.
可出现轻度、中度或严重的症状。这通常反映各个临床医生基于患者表现和其既往经验而作出的决定。临床医生在评估症状严重程度时,应考虑同时使用基于主观和临床问卷的评定量表。临床上,“轻度”通常意味着较少的症状和轻微功能失调;“重度”用于描述所见更显著的症状和功能破坏,或者同时出现精神病症;“中度”表示介于上述二者之间的情况。
如果使用证实有效的症状评定量表,例如,杨氏躁狂评定量表 (YMRS),那么等级评分范围通常与严重程度相关。Young Mania Rating Scale[52]Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, et al. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1978 Nov;133:429-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/728692?tool=bestpractice.com
如果有可能,患者应该参与治疗方案决策的制定中。这可以提高依从性,并且与患者及其家属的紧密合作可以帮助确定复发风险高的时期,从而可以及时调整治疗方案。[63]Garriga M, Pacchiarotti I, Kasper S, et al. Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry: expert consensus. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2016;17(2):86-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912127?tool=bestpractice.com
根据急性发作的性质(例如,是否存在躁狂或抑郁症状),不同患者对治疗作出反应所需的时间各不相同。作为一般指导,应在 2 周内观察到患者对急性躁狂药物治疗的反应,超过此时间后,应将患者视为对特定剂量的特定药物治疗无反应者。对于急性双相抑郁和急性混合发作,治疗起效可能需要更长的时间,并且对疾病改善的程度可能更轻微。[64]Fountoulakis KN, Grunze H, Vieta E, et al. The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), Part 3: the clinical guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 Feb 1;20(2):180-95.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5408976/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27941079?tool=bestpractice.com
急性躁狂或轻躁狂患者
受影响较为严重的患者和/或对其疾病无洞察力的患者可能需要紧急精神科住院治疗,以确保自身和其他人的安全。治疗包括使用药物快速减轻躁狂症状,同时最大程度减少不良反应,并促进完全缓解和康复。如果躁狂或轻躁狂患者正在服用抗抑郁药,应停止使用该药物。
对于有躁狂的激越患者,初始管理为提供一个刺激少的安静环境,并尝试口头说服 (verbal de-escalation)。[63]Garriga M, Pacchiarotti I, Kasper S, et al. Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry: expert consensus. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2016;17(2):86-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912127?tool=bestpractice.com 之后可能需要肌内注射给药。在某些情况下,患者可能不配合,因此可能需要强制或非自愿给药(例如,在患者或其他人的健康和生命可能处于危险中的情况下)。建议的一线方案包括阿立哌唑或奥氮平。 [
]In people with acute mania, how does aripiprazole affect outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.682/full显示答案 其他可能有益的药物包括齐拉西酮、氟哌啶醇或劳拉西泮。
对于轻症躁狂或轻微躁狂,建议使用锂、[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com 丙戊酸半钠、卡马西平或获准用于治疗躁狂的非典型抗精神病药物(例如,利培酮、奥氮平、喹硫平、阿立哌唑、减少躁狂症状:有高质量的证据显示,与使用安慰剂相比,患者服用阿立哌唑 2 天内急性躁狂的症状有所改善。3 周后改善仍继续,并持续至 12 周。在至第 12 周时的改善程度方面,使用阿立哌唑与使用锂类似。[66]Keck PE, Orsulak PJ, Cutler AJ, et al. Aripiprazole monotherapy in the treatment of acute bipolar I mania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and lithium-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2009 Jan;112(1-3):36-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835043?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 齐拉西酮、阿塞那平、减少躁狂症状:有高质量的证据显示,对于正在经历双相情感障碍 I 型相关躁狂症状的患者,阿塞那平比安慰剂有效且耐受性良好。[67]Smith TL, Carter CW. Asenapine: a novel atypical antipsychotic agent for schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. J Pharm Technol. 2010;26:352-61.[68]McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, et al. Asenapine versus olanzapine in acute mania: a double-blind extension study. Bipolar Disord. 2009 Dec;11(8):815-26. [Erratum in: Bipolar Disord. 2010 Feb;12(1):112.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19832806?tool=bestpractice.com[69]McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, et al. A 3-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar mania and mixed states. Bipolar Disord. 2009 Nov;11(7):673-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839993?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 卡利拉嗪或帕利哌酮减少躁狂症状:有高质量的证据显示,对于双相情感障碍相关的急性躁狂的治疗,帕潘立酮比安慰剂有效且耐受性良好。[70]Vieta E, Nuamah IF, Lim P, et al. A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled study of paliperidone extended release for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2010 May;12(3):230-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20565430?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。)。一项 meta 分析的结果表明,与最初躁狂症状较轻的患者相比,奥氮平对基线躁狂症状更严重的患者更有效。[71]Samara MT, Goldberg Y, Levine SZ, et al. Initial symptom severity of bipolar I disorder and the efficacy of olanzapine: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from five placebo-controlled studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Nov;4(11):859-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28939419?tool=bestpractice.com 2018 年,欧洲药品管理局 (European Medicines Agency, EMA) 建议,在妊娠期禁止将丙戊酸及其类似物用于治疗双相情感障碍,因为胎儿/儿童存在先天畸形和出现发育问题的风险。[72]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,标准临床实践是仅在其他替代药物无法接受或无效的情况下,才将丙戊酸及其类似物用于治疗妊娠期与双相情感障碍相关的躁狂发作。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似药物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[72]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
对于中度至重度的躁狂,可尝试使用相同的单药疗法,但更常见的做法是联合使用心境稳定剂,例如,锂联合一种非典型抗精神病药。[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Berwaerts J, Lane R, Nuamah IF, et al. Paliperidone extended-release as adjunctive therapy to lithium or valproate in the treatment of acute mania: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2011 Mar;129(1-3):252-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947174?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Szegedi A, Calabrese JR, Stet L, et al. Asenapine as adjunctive treatment for acute mania associated with bipolar disorder: results of a 12-week core study and 40-week extension. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Feb;32(1):46-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22198448?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Jeong HG, Lee MS, Ko YH, et al. Combination treatment with aripiprazole and valproic acid for acute mania: an 8-week, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012 May-Jun;35(3):97-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592508?tool=bestpractice.com 需要根据患者疾病的严重程度作出临床决策。患者更愿意使用单药疗法,但是多数专家和临床经验表明联合用药更有效。[76]Sachs GS, Grossman F, Ghaemi SN, et al. Combination of a mood stabilizer with risperidone or haloperidol for treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of efficacy and safety. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jul;159(7):1146-54.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1146http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12091192?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Retzow A, Henn FA, et al. Valproate as an adjunct to neuroleptic medication for the treatment of acute episodes of mania: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. European Valproate Mania Study Group. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Apr;20(2):195-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10770458?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, et al. Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;59(1):62-9.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/205956http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779284?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Sachs G, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, et al. Quetiapine with lithium or divalproex for the treatment of bipolar mania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disord. 2004 Jun;6(3):213-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15117400?tool=bestpractice.com
对于治疗无效的患者,建议考虑剂量优化和服药的依从性。不过,可能需要考虑替代治疗策略。这可能包括改用其他心境稳定剂、使用联合治疗方案、将苯二氮䓬类药物(例如,氯硝西泮)用作辅助治疗,以及使用典型抗精神病药物(例如,氟哌啶醇或氯丙嗪)。此外,可考虑对这些患者使用长效制剂治疗。[80]Bond DJ, Pratoomsri W, Yatham LN. Depot antipsychotic medications in bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2007;(434):3-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17688458?tool=bestpractice.com
对于病情更严重、紧张症或对数种药物试用无反应的躁狂患者,应考虑使用氯氮平治疗或[81]Suppes T, Webb A, Paul B, et al. Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;156(8):1164-9.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.156.8.1164http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10450255?tool=bestpractice.com 电休克疗法 (electroconvulsive therapy, ECT)。[82]Mukherjee S, Sackeim HA, Schnur DB. Electroconvulsive therapy of acute manic episodes: a review of 50 years' experience. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Feb;151(2):169-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8296883?tool=bestpractice.com 对于这些患者,有可能考虑超适应证治疗;很多循证治疗指南都报告了奥卡西平、他莫昔芬、噻加宾、加巴喷丁、拉莫三嗪和维拉帕米。关于脑刺激技术的证据正在增多,而对于对药物治疗产生耐药性的患者,可超适应证给予迷走神经刺激或经颅磁刺激治疗。[83]Loo CK, Katalinic N, Mitchell PB. Physical treatments for bipolar disorder: a review of electroconvulsive therapy, stereotactic surgery and other brain stimulation techniques. J Affect Disord. 2011 Jul;132(1-2):1-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20858566?tool=bestpractice.com
急性混合发作的患者
混合状态的治疗方案与治疗急性躁狂患者的方案非常相似。大多数治疗诊断指南倾向于通过逐渐减量和停止使用任何当前的抗抑郁药物来解除躁狂症状。锂特别适合于治疗双相情感障碍混合状态。[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com
急性抑郁患者
对于急性双相抑郁的治疗,现有证据及经批准的治疗方法都较少,并且关于使用传统抗抑郁药治疗这种特定状况还存在很多争议。仅有来自对照研究的非常有限的数据支持对双相抑郁使用抗抑郁药。而且,抗抑郁药可能会导致出现躁狂或快速循环;而且它们与任何持久的缓解或恢复都没有关联。[84]Muzina DJ, Kemp DE, Calabrese JR. Mood stabilizers. In: Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, et al, eds. Psychiatry. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.[85]Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR, et al. Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. N Engl J Med. 2007 Apr 26;356(17):1711-22.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa064135#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392295?tool=bestpractice.com
一线方案包括奥氮平/氟西汀合剂、奥氮平、[86]Tohen M, McDonnell DP, Case M, et al. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine in patients with bipolar I depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;201(5):376-82.https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/872FA49815CA4F334013C89D4780E639/S0007125000272851a.pdf/randomised_doubleblind_placebocontrolled_study_of_olanzapine_in_patients_with_bipolar_i_depression.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22918966?tool=bestpractice.com 喹硫平、减少抑郁症状:有中等质量的证据显示,与使用安慰剂相比,患者服用速释型和缓释型喹硫平 8 周后,[87]Suppes T, Datto C, Minkwitz M, et al. Effectiveness of the extended release formulation of quetiapine as monotherapy for the treatment of acute bipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2010 Feb;121(1-2):106-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903574?tool=bestpractice.com 抑郁的症状有所有减少。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 或鲁拉西酮。[88]Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Silva R, et al. Lurasidone monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar I depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;171(2):160-8.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070984http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24170180?tool=bestpractice.com 对于此类治疗没有充分起效的患者,建议使用额外的药物治疗。这类药物包括锂、[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com 拉莫三嗪、安非他酮、阿立哌唑、[89]Yatham LN. A clinical review of aripiprazole in bipolar depression and maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011 Jan;128(suppl 1):S21-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220077?tool=bestpractice.com 丙戊酸半钠、减少抑郁症状:有中等质量证据显示,对于双相情感障碍 I 型相关抑郁症状的急性期治疗,使用丙戊酸比使用安慰剂更有效。[90]Smith LA, Cornelius VR, Azorin JM, et al. Valproate for the treatment of acute bipolar depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2010 Apr;122(1-2):1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19926140?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Bond DJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN. Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2010 Aug;124(3):228-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044142?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Muzina DJ, Gao K, Kemp DE, et al. Acute efficacy of divalproex sodium versus placebo in mood stabilizer-naive bipolar I or II depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Jun;72(6):813-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20816041?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 和莫达非尼。也可考虑使用喹硫平和任何选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂双药治疗,并且有证据支持在锂或丙戊酸半钠基础上加用鲁拉西酮治疗双相 I 型抑郁患者。[93]Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Silva R, et al. Lurasidone as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate for the treatment of bipolar I depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;171(2):169-77.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070985http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24170221?tool=bestpractice.com 对于使用联合治疗仍难治的患者,使用额外药物可能会有益处。这类药物包括其他的非典型抗精神病药(例如,阿立哌唑、利培酮或齐拉西酮)、普拉克索、卡马西平、利鲁唑和 ω-3 脂肪酸乙酯。[94]Sarris J, Mischoulon D, Schweitzer I. Omega-3 for bipolar disorder: meta-analyses of use in mania and bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;73(1):81-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903025?tool=bestpractice.com 辅助性使用阿莫达非尼也可用于治疗双相抑郁。[95]Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Youakim JM, et al. Adjunctive armodafinil for major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;71(10):1363-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673554?tool=bestpractice.com 其他已经被使用但具有低水平证据的药物包括托吡酯、单胺氧化酶抑制剂和三环类抗抑郁药。抗抑郁药在双相抑郁急性期治疗中缺乏疗效,这将限制其临床使用。[96]Sidor MM, MacQueen GM. Antidepressants for the acute treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;72(2):156-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034686?tool=bestpractice.com 对于严重抑郁患者,有证据显示阿立哌唑单药疗法可能一定程度改善核心抑郁症状。[97]Thase ME, Bowden CL, Nashat M, et al. Aripiprazole in bipolar depression: a pooled, post-hoc analysis by severity of core depressive symptoms. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012 Jun;16(2):121-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22296512?tool=bestpractice.com
对于双相抑郁患者,加用社会心理干预与 1 年后更高的恢复率以及更短达到的康复时间有关。[98]Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, et al. Intensive psychosocial intervention enhances functioning in patients with bipolar depression: results from a 9-month randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;164(9):1340-7.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020311http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17728418?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, et al. Psychosocial treatments for bipolar depression: a 1-year randomized trial from the systematic treatment enhancement program. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;64(4):419-26.http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=210013http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404119?tool=bestpractice.com 接受了 3 种强化心理治疗(以家庭为中心的疗法、人际社会节律疗法、认知行为疗法)其中任何 1 种的双相抑郁患者在 9 个月的随访期间报告了更好的总体功能、关系功能和生活满意度。[98]Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, et al. Intensive psychosocial intervention enhances functioning in patients with bipolar depression: results from a 9-month randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;164(9):1340-7.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020311http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17728418?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, et al. Psychosocial treatments for bipolar depression: a 1-year randomized trial from the systematic treatment enhancement program. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;64(4):419-26.http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=210013http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404119?tool=bestpractice.com 一项为期 12 周的小型初步研究显示,在对双相 II 型抑郁的急性期治疗中,人际社会节律疗法与喹硫平同样有效。[100]Swartz HA, Frank E, Cheng Y. A randomized pilot study of psychotherapy and quetiapine for the acute treatment of bipolar II depression. Bipolar Disord. 2012 Mar;14(2):211-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307150/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22420597?tool=bestpractice.com
对于对数种适当的药物试用均无反应的双相抑郁发作患者,应考虑 ECT,这种治疗能安全和有效地应用于这些病例。ECT 也可适用于具有急性自杀/自杀高风险的双相抑郁;紧张症或精神病特征;由抑郁引起的快速恶化的身体状况(例如厌食);当用药风险大于 ECT 风险时(老年、躯体虚弱或妊娠期患者);病史中对 ECT 有良好反应;或者患者意愿。[101]Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2013. Bipolar Disord. 2013 Feb;15(1):1-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23237061?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Valenti M, Benabarre A, Garcia-Amador M, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of mixed states in bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;23(1):53-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18191551?tool=bestpractice.com
快速循环型患者
对于正在经历快速循环(1 年时间内出现 4 次或更多的心境发作)的患者,治疗方案需要审慎的计划和耐心。心境状态的转变可能出现的非常突然,而对当前个体发作的治疗可能达不到预期目的。例如,对于存在抑郁的快速循环型患者,加用抗抑郁药或增加其剂量可能导致转变成躁狂或加速循环。
当治疗快速循环型双相情感障碍患者时,寻找并消除任何可能使情绪不稳定的因素是至关重要的。这些因素包括使用抗抑郁药和精神兴奋药物、使用酒精或违禁药物、过量摄入咖啡因、不必要的激素治疗以及减肥药或非处方“补救治疗”。
药物治疗的重点在于使用能像心境稳定剂一样起效的药物。通常使用抗躁狂治疗或使用获准用于治疗双相躁狂的药物。众所周知,快速循环型双相情感障碍对大多数单药疗法相对抵抗,通常需要联合使用心境稳定剂。然而,以单药疗法开始治疗可能是明智的,然后在 3 至 4 个月后重新评估心境控制和循环频率。可能需要加用第 2 种或第 3 种心境稳定剂。
尽管快速循环作为一种双相情感障碍的潜在变异型或病程区分符而引入,凸显了治疗过程中使用锂预防的失败,但考虑到锂在整体病程中的显著益处,对此类患者不应避免使用锂治疗。[103]Dunner DL, Patrick V, Fieve RR. Rapid cycling manic depressive patients. Compr Psychiatry. 1977 Nov-Dec;18(6):561-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/923228?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Dunner DL, Murphy D, Stallone F, et al. Episode frequency prior to lithium treatment in bipolar manic-depressive patients. Compr Psychiatry. 1979 Nov-Dec;20(6):511-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/509923?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,有一种观点认为,对于大多数快速循环型患者,可将锂作为药物治疗计划的一部分,或者与其他精神药物(例如,非典型抗精神病药)联合使用。[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Muzina DJ. Pharmacologic treatment of rapid cycling and mixed states in bipolar disorder: an argument for the use of lithium. Bipolar Disord. 2009 Jun;11(suppl 2):84-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538688?tool=bestpractice.com 锂剂是安全、有效且具有成本效益的药物;双相情感障碍需要终身治疗,而锂剂仍然是确定性的维持治疗方案。[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,双相情感障碍具有自杀的高风险,而锂能提供某种程度的保护。[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Rihmer Z. Lithium treatment and the risk of suicide in affective disorders. Eur Psych Review. 2011;4:55-8.http://depressziostop.magtud.hu/rhimmer_zoltan/Rihmer%20et%20al%20Li%20suic%20risk%20Eur%20Psych%20Rev%202011.pdf 锂具有未知但可能独一无二的作用机制,使其成为心境稳定剂具有吸引力的补充用于快速循环型患者。加用锂来解除残留症状——特别是快速循环型患者的躁狂或亚综合征症状,可能会有助于稳定情绪和改善功能。
老年患者
尽管认为老年人的患病率会降低,但新发作的老年患者或持续终身的双相情感障碍会给治疗带来某些挑战。与较年轻双相情感障碍患者相比,一般而言,在老年双相情感障碍患者中,观察到精神和躯体共病的频率即使没有增加,也一样频繁。
相比双相情感障碍,60 岁以后的躁狂发作更可能与一般躯体疾病(例如,卒中或其他脑损伤)有关。
关于老年患者治疗的现有数据有限。然而,对较年轻患者有效的药物通常也会对治疗老年双相情感障碍患者有效。由于老年患者肾清除率降低的潜在可能性增加、药物相互作用和药代动力学问题(例如,蛋白结合率降低),建议给药采用“少量开始、缓慢增加”的方法。
妊娠患者
妊娠不能预防女性双相情感障碍的复发,而产后期被视为情绪障碍发作(特别是抑郁和精神病发作)的高风险时段。[107]Viguera AC, Nonacs R, Cohen LS, et al. Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;157(2):179-84.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.179http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10671384?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Freeman MP, Smith KW, Freeman SA, et al. The impact of reproductive events on the course of bipolar disorder in women. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Apr;63(4):284-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004800?tool=bestpractice.com 妊娠期最有效的治疗最好在妊娠之前开始,作为计划妊娠的一部分。这使得患者及其家人能向精神科医生和产科医生进行咨询,并获得有关双相情感障碍遗传性以及妊娠期药物暴露(已知和未知)风险与停用药物风险权衡的教育,以避免任何潜在的致畸性,并制定妊娠期或产后期出现病情复发的应对干预计划。
在文献资料已有关于妊娠期用药的综述,该综述包含了在治疗双相情感障碍时一些最常用心境稳定剂的最新数据。[109]Taylor VH, Steiner M, Soares C. Bipolar disorders in women: special issues. In: Yatham LN and Kusumakar V, eds. Bipolar disorder: a clinician's guide to treatment management. New York, NY: Routledge; 2009. 对于妊娠期治疗,常见的建议包括以下要点。
根据患者的个体复发风险,如果可能的话,避免服药,特别是在妊娠早期。[110]Iqbal MM, Sohhan T, Mahmud SZ. The effects of lithium, valproic acid, and carbamazepine during pregnancy and lactation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2001;39(4):381-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11527233?tool=bestpractice.com
当需要服药时,应开具最低有效剂量的单药疗法。[110]Iqbal MM, Sohhan T, Mahmud SZ. The effects of lithium, valproic acid, and carbamazepine during pregnancy and lactation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2001;39(4):381-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11527233?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Yonkers KA, Wisner KL, Stowe Z, et al. Management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;161(4):608-20.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.4.608http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15056503?tool=bestpractice.com
2018 年,欧洲药品管理局 (EMA) 建议,在妊娠期禁止使用丙戊酸及其类似物治疗双相情感障碍,因为胎儿/儿童有出现先天畸形和发育问题的风险。[72]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf在美国,标准临床实践是仅在其他替代药物无法接受或无效时,才开具丙戊酸及其类似物的处方用于治疗妊娠期与双相情感障碍相关的躁狂发作。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于育龄期女性患者。[72]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
在妊娠期使用抗惊厥心境稳定剂与胎儿畸形风险升高有关。[112]Viguera AC, Koukopoulos A, Muzina DJ, et al. Teratogenicity and anticonvulsants: lessons from neurology to psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(suppl 9):29-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17764382?tool=bestpractice.com
根据一些研究,妊娠期锂治疗使 Ebstein 畸形的风险增加了 20 倍,在怀孕后 2 至 6 周期间使用锂尤其危险。[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Cohen LS, Friedman JM, Jefferson JW, et al. A reevaluation of risk of in utero exposure to lithium. JAMA. 1994 Jan 12;271(2):146-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8031346?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,某些使用锂且具有高复发风险的女性可能需要持续治疗,对于这些病例,鉴于分布容积发生显著改变,在整个妊娠期、分娩时以及产后初期仔细监测剂量和血清锂水平至关重要。在此情况下,根据针对 113 例妊娠女性在妊娠期和产后期检查锂水平的队列研究,本专题的作者建议在妊娠最初的 34 周期间,每 3-4 周检查一次锂水平,然后每周检查一次,直到分娩,之后在产后早期每周检查两次。[114]Wesseloo R, Wierdsma AI, van Kamp IL, et al. Lithium dosing strategies during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Br J Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;211(1):31-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28673946?tool=bestpractice.com一项大型 Meta 分析评估了与孕妇锂剂暴露相关的数据,发现妊娠早期使用锂剂会导致孩子先天性畸形的风险增加。[115]Munk-Olsen T, Liu X, Viktorin A, et al. Maternal and infant outcomes associated with lithium use in pregnancy: an international collaborative meta-analysis of six cohort studies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;5(8):644-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29929874?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,这项研究的数据表明,畸形的绝对风险很小。决定治疗方案时必须权衡治疗或降低心境障碍复发风险的益处与妊娠期间锂剂使用相关的潜在风险增加。
动物生殖研究未能证明鲁拉西酮对胎儿有风险,也没有在妊娠女性中进行足够且有充分对照的研究。
建议向精神科医生进行专科咨询,尤其熟悉和精通妊娠期心境障碍治疗的医生。
根据安全医疗实践的一般原则,临床医生应常规向所有的育龄期女性和有生育可能性的女性询问有关避孕方法的使用情况,特别在开具任何精神药物之前。
急性期治疗的持续时间
关于此问题的建议是有限的,由于缺乏依据,当前的治疗指南主要基于专家意见。[61]Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;30(6):495-553.http://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAP_Guidelines-Bipolar.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26979387?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Fountoulakis KN, Grunze H, Vieta E, et al. The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), Part 3: the clinical guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 Feb 1;20(2):180-95.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5408976/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27941079?tool=bestpractice.com 对于躁狂症状,建议急性期治疗使用相同的药物,并采用同一种剂量,直至症状完全缓解后至少 2 个月。[64]Fountoulakis KN, Grunze H, Vieta E, et al. The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), Part 3: the clinical guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 Feb 1;20(2):180-95.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5408976/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27941079?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,躁狂症完全康复可能需要更长时间,并且治疗可能持续 3 至 6 个月才能实现情绪稳定。[61]Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;30(6):495-553.http://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAP_Guidelines-Bipolar.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26979387?tool=bestpractice.com 对于抑郁症状,根据一套国际共识指南,在症状完全缓解后,建议继续治疗 6 个月;在此之后,应继续治疗或者逐渐转换为推荐的维持治疗。[64]Fountoulakis KN, Grunze H, Vieta E, et al. The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), Part 3: the clinical guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 Feb 1;20(2):180-95.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5408976/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27941079?tool=bestpractice.com 相比之下,英国精神药理协会 (British Association for Psychopharmacology) 建议开处方者考虑从恢复 3 个月时开始逐渐减少抗抑郁药使用剂量,并最终停用。但是,建议指出,如果停止治疗后患者复发,则需要更长的治疗时间。[61]Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;30(6):495-553.http://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAP_Guidelines-Bipolar.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26979387?tool=bestpractice.com
长期预防性治疗
一般而言,治疗指南支持在单次躁狂发作后开始维持治疗,并建议在急性发作后与所有心境稳定的患者共同讨论制定维持治疗方案。对于大多数患者来说,用于稳定急性发作的药物可继续作为维持治疗,应对复发以及任何治疗引发的紧急不良反应保持警惕,特别是神经系统不良反应(锥体束外的副作用、迟发性运动障碍)、代谢不良反应(肥胖、糖尿病、血脂异常)或者毒性(肾脏、肝脏、血液、甲状腺毒性)。
在单次躁狂发作后及早预防复发可能与更良性的病程有关,应建议经药物治疗后稳定多年的患者无限期继续维持治疗,因为复发风险仍然较高。[61]Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Jun;30(6):495-553.http://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAP_Guidelines-Bipolar.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26979387?tool=bestpractice.com
由于依从性差通常会导致复发,因而应将监测和加强依从性作为长期双相疾病管理的常规部分。[116]Colom F, Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, et al. Clinical factors associated with treatment noncompliance in euthymic bipolar patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;61(8):549-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10982196?tool=bestpractice.com 能使依从性最大化的有效治疗具有共同的特征:教育、自我监测、预防复发、管理不良反应、识别并管理应激源,以及阐述信念系统和对疾病的态度。[117]Sajatovic M, Davies M, Hrouda DR. Enhancement of treatment adherence among patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Serv. 2004 Mar;55(3):264-9.http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.55.3.264http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001726?tool=bestpractice.com
用于维持治疗的药物治疗方案包括锂、[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Hirschowitz J, Kolevzon A, Garakani A. The pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder: the question of modern advances. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2010 Sep-Oct;18(5):266-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20825264?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Werneke U, Ott M, Renberg ES, et al. A decision analysis of long-term lithium treatment and the risk of renal failure. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 Sep;126(3):186-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440572/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22404233?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Apr;14(3):154-219.http://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/Grunze_et_al_2013.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23480132?tool=bestpractice.com 奥氮平、阿立哌唑、减少躁狂症状:有中等质量证据显示,对于双相情感障碍的维持治疗,阿立哌唑有效且耐受良好。[121]McIntyre RS. Aripiprazole for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder: a review. Clin Ther. 2010;32(suppl 1):S32-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20152551?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 拉莫三嗪、喹硫平(作为锂或丙戊酸半钠的辅助药物或作为单药治疗)、[122]Weisler RH, Nolen WA, Neijber A, et al. Continuation of quetiapine versus switching to placebo or lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (Trial 144: a randomized controlled study). J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;72(11):1452-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054050?tool=bestpractice.com 齐拉西酮、[123]Sacchetti E, Galluzzo A, Valsecchi P. Oral ziprasidone in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorders: a critical review. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Mar;4(2):163-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115400?tool=bestpractice.com 和阿塞那平。[124]McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, et al. Asenapine for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a double-blind 40-week extension study. J Affect Disord. 2010 Nov;126(3):358-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20537396?tool=bestpractice.com 与其他药物相比,锂在预防双相情感障碍方面具有最强的证据,一直是长期维持治疗的首选药物。[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Werneke U, Ott M, Renberg ES, et al. A decision analysis of long-term lithium treatment and the risk of renal failure. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 Sep;126(3):186-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440572/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22404233?tool=bestpractice.com 一项芬兰全国范围内的大型队列研究发现,锂剂维持治疗可使精神或躯体障碍导致的住院风险降至最低,并且在其他被研究的治疗中,与口服抗精神病药相比,长效抗精神病药物注射制剂(作为一类药物)与再次住院风险降低 30% 相关。[125]Lähteenvuo M, Tanskanen A, Taipale H, et al. Real-world effectiveness of pharmacologic treatments for the prevention of rehospitalization in a Finnish nationwide cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Apr 1;75(4):347-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29490359?tool=bestpractice.com然而,与口服抗精神病药物相比,支持单独使用长效抗精神病药物注射制剂的数据没有达到统计学意义。如果不依从治疗所致疾病复发成为一个问题,并且/或者如果患者更倾向于接受肌内注射给药,临床医师可能考虑将长效注射制剂作为口服药物的替代。[80]Bond DJ, Pratoomsri W, Yatham LN. Depot antipsychotic medications in bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2007;(434):3-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17688458?tool=bestpractice.com[126]Vieta E, Montgomery S, Sulaiman AH, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess prevention of mood episodes with risperidone long-acting injectable in patients with bipolar I disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012 Nov;22(11):825-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22503488?tool=bestpractice.com在开具长效注射制剂之前,临床医师必须首先确保患者经同一药物的口服制剂治疗后病情稳定(并且疗效良好)。
锂,[65]Malhi GS, Tanious M, Das P, et al. The science and practice of lithium therapy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;46(3):192-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391277?tool=bestpractice.com 奥氮平和阿立哌唑单药疗法在预防躁狂方面比预防抑郁更有效。拉莫三嗪预防抑郁比预防躁狂更有效,但也适用于轻躁狂的预防性治疗。一项研究显示,对于稳定的躁狂或混合发作患者,在至复发的时间方面,与使用拉莫三嗪单药治疗相比,长期联用阿立哌唑及拉莫三嗪并没有显示出任何显著差异。[127]Carlson BX, Ketter TA, Sun W, et al. Aripiprazole in combination with lamotrigine for the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed): a randomized, multicenter, double-blind study (CN138-392). Bipolar Disord. 2012 Feb;14(1):41-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22329471?tool=bestpractice.com 对于同时有躁狂和抑郁的患者,锂或丙戊酸半钠与喹硫平联合使用具有预防作用。对于通过使用喹硫平得以稳定的患者,有证据提示,相比安慰剂,继续使用喹硫平或换用锂能有效延迟躁狂和抑郁事件的复发。[122]Weisler RH, Nolen WA, Neijber A, et al. Continuation of quetiapine versus switching to placebo or lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (Trial 144: a randomized controlled study). J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;72(11):1452-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054050?tool=bestpractice.com
二线维持治疗选择(特别是作为辅助药物)包括阿立哌唑、[128]Marcus RK, Khan A, Rollin L. Efficacy of aripiprazole adjunctive to lithium or valproate in the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder with an inadequate response to lithium or valproate monotherapy: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Bipolar Disord. 2011 Mar;13(2):133-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21443567?tool=bestpractice.com 锂剂加丙戊酸半钠、[129]Geddes JR, Goodwin GM, Rendell J, et al. Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010 Jan 30;375(9712):385-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092882?tool=bestpractice.com 卡马西平、利培酮、齐拉西酮、奥氮平/氟西汀复方制剂、帕利哌酮、奥卡西平、托吡酯、加巴喷丁、苯妥英、ω-3 脂肪酸乙酯和抗抑郁药。还可考虑氯氮平和 ECT(每月一次)。
加拿大心境和焦虑治疗网络 (Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments,CANMAT) 提供了越来越多的证据,支持以下特定社会心理干预用于双相情感障碍维持治疗的疗效。[101]Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2013. Bipolar Disord. 2013 Feb;15(1):1-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23237061?tool=bestpractice.com
教育(患者)识别和管理早期预警症状:
延长至任何心境复发的时间,降低住院率,改善功能。[130]Morriss RK, Faizal MA, Jones AP, et al. Interventions for helping people recognise early signs of recurrence in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD004854.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004854.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253526?tool=bestpractice.com
辅助认知疗法:
降低抑郁评分,延长抑郁复发的间隔,改善功能失调性态度。[131]Ball JR, Mitchell PB, Corry JC, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: focus on long-term change. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;67(2):277-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16566624?tool=bestpractice.com
以家庭为中心的治疗
人际社会节律疗法。
心理教育是另外一种常用于双相情感障碍的社会心理干预方法。已经证明心理教育能降低复发率、改善长期治疗依从性,并有助于改善患者的整体社交功能。[132]Batista TA, von Werne Baes C, Juruena MF. Efficacy of psychoeducation in bipolar patients: systematic review of randomized trials. Psychol Neurosci. 2011;4:409-16.http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/pne/4/3/409.html